BRENTWOOD'S Under-10s won the bowl final at the latest Southendfestival.
In their pool things didn't start well with a 10-5 defeat to thehome team.
However in their second game the youngsters beat BatterseaIronsides by the same scoreline with Oliver Strange and LukePembroke putting in fine perfor mances.
The next clash was always going to be …
ORLANDO, Fla. - The Orlando Magic are close to resolving their coaching fiasco by agreeing to a deal to dismiss Billy Donovan and hire Stan Van Gundy, according to reports Tuesday.
ESPN.com reported Donovan and the team were finalizing an agreement for his departure. Terms would prevent Donovan from coaching in the NBA for five years, sources told the outlet. The Orlando Sentinel reported that the Magic offered a contract to Van Gundy, a former Heat coach and current adviser to Pat Riley in Miami.
The Magic might have to compensate the Heat with money or a draft pick because Van Gundy is still under contract through June 30, 2008. Miami only has a first-round pick, No. 20 …
Riot police violently broke up several gay rights demonstrations in Moscow on Saturday, hauling away scores of protesters hours before the Russian capital hosted a major international pop music competition.
City officials had warned they would not tolerate marches or rallies supporting the rights of gays and lesbians. Activists had targeted Moscow, which was holding the finals of the Eurovision song contest on Saturday, to press their claims that Russia officially sanctions homophobia.
Police seized gay rights protesters as well as some members of religious and nationalist groups that staged counter-demonstrations. They also took away gay rights activists for …
John T. Geldermann has been named chairman of Saint JosephHospital & Health Care Center's Health Care Foundation. He is aformer board chairman of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.
Randy Wiesemann of Victory Memorial Hospital has been namedpresident of the Council of Directors of Healthcare Volunteers ofMetropolitan Chicago. Also named were Karen Edgar of Olympia FieldsOsteopathic Medical Center, president-elect; Carol Clover of St.Thomas Hospital, secretary (board); Linda Wortel of South SuburbanHospital, secretary (general), and Joyce Seul of St. Francis Hospitalof Evanston, treasurer.
Sister Donna Marie, CR, is new chairman of the MetropolitanChicago Healthcare …
TIRANA, Albania (AP) — Albania has decided to sell the state-owned Albpetrol sh.a. Patos oil company.
Parliament voted 72-62 to sell 100 percent of Albpetrol in Patos, 75 miles (120 kilometers) south of the capital Tirana, which has valued its assets, including six oil sources, four gas ones, one of bituminous sands and its infrastructure, at €322 million ($420 million).
It has 3,000 oil wells, …
U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has strongly urged her Chinese counterpart to use restraint in dealing with protesters in Tibet.
The U.S. State Department says Rice and Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi spoke Wednesday night for about 20 minutes; Rice also pushed for China to start talks with the Dalai Lama.
Rice's efforts came as China sent additional …
Under 11 Division honours in the Wiltshire Youth Cricket Leaguewent to Marshfield after they won the play-off final at Chippenham,beating South Wilts by 80 runs.
To qualify for the final, Marshfield had won the Under 11 NorthDivision, ten points ahead of runners up Swindon, while South Wiltswere winners of Under 11 South Division, nine points ahead ofMarlborough.
The match was dominated by Tim Rouse, of Marshfield, and LukeHansford, of South Wilts, who had both scored centuries the previousweek.
Rouse very nearly repeated the feat in a sparkling innings beforehe was bowled on 99.
With support from Henry Day (18), Marshfield posted a daunting 192for four …
Argentina Culpa a Extranjeros ilegales por ola de Delitos
Por Pablo Garibian
BUENOSAIRES. -- Argentina, sumida en una cruzada contra la inmigracion ilegal, aseguro que mas de la mitad de los delitos en Buenos Aires son cometidos por extranjeros.
"En la Capital Federal, si se me permite la palabra, se extranjerizo el delito", dijo el director de Migraciones, Hugo Franco a una radio local, tras precisar que el 60 por ciento de los ilicitos menores son protagonizados por inmigrantes.
La policia detuvo a unos 130 peruanos indocumentados y realizo allanamientos con un millar de efectivos en barrios marginales de Buenos Aires, en los que arresto a alrededor de …
Lotta Schelin and Jessica Landstrom scored in each half to give Sweden a 2-0 victory over Norway on Sunday in a tuneup for the women's Olympic soccer tournament.
Schelin made it 1-0 in the 26th minute, first outrunning Norway captain Ane Hangeland Horpestad and then beating goalkeeper Christine Colombo Nilsen with a shot.
Landstrom scored in the 90th after a counterattack.
Both teams …
The new year has translated into job layoffs for more than 150Southern West Virginia coal miners.
Employees at three West Virginia operations owned by AddingtonEnterprises Inc. of Ashland, Ky., were notified of layoffs lastWednesday, United Mine Workers District 17 President Bob Phalen saidMonday.
Addington purchased the operations during 1998, Phalen said.Members of the union mine committee at Addington's Marrowbone minein Mingo County were summoned to a meeting with the company at 10:30p.m. Wednesday, Phalen said.At the meeting, the company told the union it was cuttingproduction from about 4 million tons a year to about 2.5 milliontons. The plans included the …
BAGHDAD, Iraq - A pair of suicide bombs ripped through a crowd of would-be police recruits in Baghdad on Sunday, killing at least 35. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki rebuked lawmakers for putting party and sectarian loyalty ahead of Iraq's stability, and said he was planning a sweeping Cabinet reshuffle.
The spiraling sectarian violence has put al-Maliki under intense pressure. Responding to questions from lawmakers during a more-than one-hour closed session, he ordered them to stop criticizing his government and declare their loyalty to a unified Iraq - not their religious sects or political parties, two members of parliament told The Associated Press.
Al-Maliki's …
The United States will continue to hand foreign detainees over to other countries for questioning, but only with assurances they will not be tortured, Leon Panetta told a Senate committee considering his confirmation as CIA director.
That has long been U.S. policy, but some former prisoners subjected to the process _ known as extraordinary rendition_ during the Bush administration's anti-terror war say they were tortured.
"I will seek the same kind of assurances that they will not be treated inhumanely," Panetta said Friday in his second day before the Senate Intelligence Committee. "I intend to use the State Department to be sure those …
MILWAUKEE (AP) — Marc Gasol scored 24 points and grabbed 16 rebounds, and Zach Randolph set a franchise record with his 10th straight double-double in the Memphis Grizzlies' 94-81 win over the Milwaukee Bucks on Saturday night.
Randolph finished with 16 points and 11 rebounds as the Grizzlies continued their erratic ways after also beating Houston on Friday night. Memphis has eight winning streaks and seven losing streaks of at least two games this year.
Reserve Earl Boykins scored 23 points for Milwaukee, but the Bucks failed to extend their winning streak after beating Washington and Cleveland.
The Grizzlies seem their best when they keep attacking the paint. After a season-high 72 points in the paint against the Rockets, they had 56 against the short-handed Bucks.
Andrew Bogut scored 14 points and Corey Maggette and rookie Larry Sanders had 12 apiece, but the lowest-scoring, worst-shooting team in the NBA failed to reach its already ugly benchmarks of 42.3 percent shooting or 91.5 points per game.
Milwaukee used a 9-0 run to cut the Grizzlies' 18-point lead in half, and Maggette and Boykins hit consecutive jumpers to make it 76-71 with 7:53 left. After Maggette's layup cut it to 81-77 with 3:10 remaining, the Bucks never got closer.
Mike Conley hit a 3-pointer, Boykins missed a jumper and O.J. Mayo added another 3 from the corner that gave Memphis an 87-77 lead with 1:23 left. Memphis finished shooting 51 percent compared to Milwaukee's 37.8 percent.
Darrell Arthur scored all of his 14 points in the second half, and Rudy Gay and Mayo each added 11 as the Grizzlies took control at the start of third quarter with an 11-2 run.
Gasol, Sam Young and Conley all got easy layups and Gasol made a nice bounce pass to Randolph for another easy bucket that put the Grizzlies ahead 54-42, while Milwaukee had just one field goal over a 4-minute stretch.
Arthur's putback and Mayo's breakaway dunk made it 72-54 late in the third quarter.
The Bucks were already missing much of their scoring punch without starters Brandon Jennings (left foot), John Salmons (right hip) and Drew Gooden (left foot). Jennings hopes he can return in the coming days.
Still, it appeared it would be a tough night for the Grizzlies early.
Gasol whacked Randolph across the face with his right elbow late in the first quarter that left Randolph sprawled out in pain. But he returned a few minutes later to continue his record run, topping Shareef Abdur-Rahim's streak of nine double-doubles set in Vancouver in 1999.
Notes: Bogut's 'NBA Dream Package' ended up fetching $38,200 for the Premier's Disaster Relief Fund in Australia following the recent floods. The package includes round trip airfare, sightseeing and game tickets in both Los Angeles and Milwaukee over a week. ... Gay was loudly booed when shooting free throws in the third quarter because the big screen was showing a Chicago Bears' logo before Sunday's NFC Championship game with the Packers.
WASHINGTON--The FBI on Thursday discounted an anonymous tip to anInternet site alleging that Chandra Levy's body was buried under aparking lot near a Virginia military base 130 miles south ofWashington.
The FBI investigated the tip that alleged the missing intern wasburied near Fort Lee, an Army training base south of Richmond, saidMary Johlie, an FBI spokeswoman in Richmond.
"The FBI, in concert with Fort Lee officials, have determined thatthere is no site on or around the Fort Lee military base thatcorresponds with information provided in the anonymous tip," Johliesaid in a statement.
Police who have investigated Levy's disappearance in Washingtonhad asked authorities at Fort Lee to search the site, but the FBIannounced late Wednesday there no search would be conducted until thetip was investigated.
Police said the tip, which came from a California crime tip Website, was just one of hundreds of leads being pursued since Levydisappeared three months ago.
Terry Gainer, Washington's No. 2 police official, said policerequested the search after some information in the tip about thepurported location of Levy's body--a parking lot--and a descriptionof construction in the area checked out.
"We called down there and confirmed obviously that there's a FortLee, Va., that there's construction and there's a parking lot,"Gainer said.
"This is a little better than a tip like, 'I had vision last nightshe is in dark water,"' he said. "There is more specificity. And itis geographically accurate. But that is not necessarily unusual."
Fort Lee is a 5,000-acre Army training base about 30 miles southof Richmond.
Levy, 24, of Modesto, Calif., came to Washington last year for aninternship at the federal Bureau of Prisons and was last seen April30.
Police have interviewed Rep. Gary Condit (D-Calif.) four times.Condit, who is married, acknowledged in his third police interviewthat he had an affair with Levy, according to a police source. Policesay he is not a suspect in her disappearance.
Washington police Sgt. Joe Gentile said WeTip, a Californiaorganization that accepts crime tips and passes them on toauthorities, faxed the anonymous tip Tuesday night.
Defense contractor Northrop Grumman warned Thursday it will post losses for the 2008 fourth quarter and full year due to a charge of $3 billion to $3.4 billion connected to past acquisitions.
Recent market turmoil has forced Northrop to write down the value of its acquisitions of Litton Industries Inc. and TRW Inc. made in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Northrop annually accounts for the difference between book values and fair values of the company's shipbuilding and space units at the end of November.
Including debt, Northrop respectively paid $5.1 billion and $7.8 billion for Litton and TRW.
JSA Research analyst Paul Nisbet explained the "paper loss" will not impair Northrop's outlook or potential earnings going forward.
The price on the books for Northrop's shipbuilding and space operations "were too high given the decline in market values," said Nisbet. "So, they have written it down to (reflect) the current market value."
Los Angeles-based Northrop forecasts 2008 earnings from continuing operations, before the charge, of about $5.20 per share _ in line with Wall Street's average estimate.
In a note to clients, Cowen & Co. analyst Cai von Rumohr said while there is still risk that pension expenses could spike in 2009 for Northrop, the company's projection for operating results in 2009 is "encouraging."
The company will postpone the release of its earnings until Feb. 3.
Shares of Northrop Grumman fell 53 cents to $47.45 in morning trading.
HUNTINGTON, Utah - Hundreds came to an interfaith service Sunday in the heart of Utah's coal country to say a public goodbye to six miners who were entombed in a mine after an earthshaking collapse.
Gov. Jon Huntsman said he hoped the memorial service would allow the families, who spent almost a month hoping the rescue efforts would turn up some sign of the missing men, to begin the process of healing.
"There has been pain, discomfort and loss. These were real human beings who loved and were loved by others," Huntsman told the audience. "Our community and our state have been hurting. It is a time for healing and a time for closure."
About 1,000 people attended the ceremony on the football field of a junior high school, and family and close friends of the missing miners were seated in front of the podium.
Kerry Allred, Don Erickson, Luis Hernandez, Carlos Payan, Brandon Phillips and Manuel Sanchez were working more than 1,500 feet underground in the early morning hours of Aug. 6 when there was a collapse so powerful it registered at 3.9 magnitude.
For nearly four weeks, crews from Cleveland-based Murray Energy Corp., a co-owner of the mine, searched for the miners. Holes were drilled through the mountain into the mine and cameras lowered in search of signs of life.
Each time the drill broke through the roof of the mine, there were hours of silence, while people on top of the mountain banged on the drill steel, hoping the miners would respond in kind and signal their location. After a second collapse killed three rescue workers Aug. 16, the underground rescue effort was deemed too dangerous and halted.
With no sign of life, the search was officially called off on Aug. 31.
U.S. Rep. Jim Matheson told the crowd Sunday he was still hopeful that someday the bodies could be recovered.
"We can not bring them back, but we can at least bring them home," Matheson said.
Two former Philippine presidents, once bitter foes, joined tens of thousands of protesters at a rally Friday to press for President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's resignation over a raging corruption scandal.
It was the largest crowd yet since Arroyo's latest crisis erupted weeks ago when the Philippine Senate heard testimony, broadcast on live television, that linked her husband to multimillion-dollar kickbacks in a government telecommunications deal.
The crowd included former opponents ex-President Corazon Aquino, who ushered in democracy when the country's first "people power" revolt ousted dictator Ferdinand Marcos in 1986, and former President Joseph Estrada, who was forced out over massive corruption by a second "people power" uprising in 2001.
"I thought my work was done because I am already old," said Aquino, 75. "But this is what the times ask for, for us to unite so that the deceit will end and we will find out the truth. Thankfully there are still many of us shouting, 'Gloria, enough, resign already.'"
Aquino used to be one of Arroyo's biggest supporters before breaking away in 2005 amid allegations that the president had rigged the 2004 election.
Soldiers and police went on high alert, setting up checkpoints at major highways as demonstrators braved a drizzle and gathered in Manila's financial district. Police estimated turnout at 15,000, while organizers estimated the crowd at about 80,000.
People began dispersing at 8 p.m., when the rally permit expired.
The rally was organized by a loose coalition of opposition groups, business people, left-wing activists, Roman Catholic church-backed organizations and a large evangelical group, the Jesus is Lord Movement.
The crowd included former opponents who, like Aquino and Estrada, have united to oppose Arroyo, who has fended off three impeachment bids and four coup plots in seven years in power.
"No single group or person claims credit in leading this initiative," said Renato Reyes, secretary-general of the left-wing alliance Bayan.
"Mrs. Gloria Arroyo made this possible. Her bankrupt and corrupt regime provided the urgency for everyone to set aside their differences and struggle together for truth and justice."
In southern Iligan city, about 1,000 Muslim and Christian protesters _ including lawyers, teachers, priests, nuns and Muslim guerrillas in civilian clothes _ gathered in a public plaza to call for Arroyo's ouster.
Smaller anti-Arroyo rallies were held elsewhere in the country.
Arroyo's latest trouble stems from allegations of corruption in a US$330 million (euro223 million) broadband deal with China's ZTE Corp., which she was forced to cancel.
Former consultants for the telecommunications contract have said the president's husband and the country's elections chief _ who has since quit _ benefited from huge kickbacks linked to the aborted contract. Both men have denied wrongdoing.
Arroyo has not directly addressed the allegations against her and her husband but says she opposes corruption and that her family does no business with the government. ZTE also has denied the allegations.
Aquino said growing public discontent over the scandal could force Arroyo to quit.
"I am growing optimistic because I can see that more and more Filipinos are taking part in the effort to find the truth," Aquino said. "What came out in the Senate hearings was really shocking."
Arroyo, who has ordered an investigation by the Justice Department and the government ombudsman, inaugurated the country's first public aquarium Friday and attended Mass at police headquarters.
The powerful military and Roman Catholic bishops _ both of whom played key roles in the two "people power" revolts _ have refused to join calls for Arroyo to resign, although both have had to deal with dissension among their ranks for not doing so.
Military chief Gen. Hermogenes Esperon warned troops they would face arrest if they joined the rally, saying such involvement could threaten the country's nascent democracy.
Eli Lilly & Co.'s first-quarter profit fell 22 percent as genericversions of its Prozac antidepressant drug ate into Lilly's marketshare.
Net income fell to $629.2 million, or 58 cents a share, on a 9percent sales drop to $2.6 billion.
Prozac sales collapsed to $186.1 million from $622.9 million asgeneric versions debuted last August when Lilly's patent expired.
At the same time, demand for Lilly's Xigris sepsis treatment, oneof the new products Lilly was counting on to make up for the declinein Prozac, has been slower than expected. Lilly said it expectsearnings to rebound next year as sales of Xigris accelerate and othernew products are introduced.
"Obviously the collapse of Prozac is still hurting them, andXigris sales can be considered a disappointment so far in terms ofexpectations," said Rafael Tamargo, director of equity research atWilmington Trust Co., which owned 207,667 Lilly shares as ofDecember. "They have a good [product] pipeline, but the caveat isthat Xigris has to meet Lilly's projections."
Xigris, introduced in November, had sales of $22 million in thefirst quarter, little more than the $21 million in sales the drug hadat the end of last year. Analysts estimated Xigris will generate morethan $1 billion in annual revenue.
Bloomberg News
A band of storms that moved east from Indiana on Wednesday splintered homes, swept vehicles from flooded roads and dumped a historic covered bridge into a river. Three people were killed.
A woman died Wednesday afternoon when a tree fell on a vehicle in Annandale, a Washington, D.C., suburb, a fire department spokesman said.
Earlier Wednesday, authorities in West Virginia recovered the body of a 20-year-old man swept away while trying to drive his truck through high water. Gov. Joe Manchin declared a state of emergency in at least 15 West Virginia counties after flooding and mudslides closed numerous roads. Some places reported more than 3 inches of rain.
In storm-weary central Indiana, state police said a woman died Wednesday morning when she drove her car into rushing flood waters. A wave of thunderstorms that began Tuesday caused widespread flash flooding, with 5 inches of rain reported overnight in some areas.
A meteorologist in Virginia said the storms were part of the same weather system that moved through the Midwest and Ohio Valley earlier Wednesday.
Also Wednesday, severe weather including high winds and rain hit Iowa, Colorado and Nebraska. In Nebraska, the Weather Service confirmed at least one tornado hit, but no serious injuries were immediately reported.
Residents were cleaning up in tiny Moscow, Ind., a community of about 80 residents 35 miles southeast of Indianapolis battered Tuesday by a tornado that destroyed one house, damaged four or five others and dumped a historic covered bridge into a river. State officials said another house was destroyed in Greene County, and aerial coverage showed some rural farm houses had been leveled.
One woman was in critical condition after being impaled in the upper chest by a 3-inch-diameter tree limb, said Charles Smith, chief of the Posey Township Volunteer Fire Department, who helped rescue her from storm debris.
"Her house was gone, along the side of the river bank. There's nothing left of it," he said. "She didn't talk, but she was moaning."
Another tornado damaged 40 buildings at the Indiana National Guard's Camp Atterbury, about 25 miles south of Indianapolis. Two soldiers suffered minor injuries as they sought shelter.
In the mid-Atlantic, hundreds of thousands of people lost power and train service was disrupted just ahead of rush hour Wednesday.
In Chesapeake Beach, Md., Mayor Gerald Donovan said one person was injured after an apparent tornado touched down and ripped the roofs and siding off several homes.
"It scared a lot of people in our town," Donovan told WRC-TV. "We're all very grateful more damage wasn't done."
In Dunn Loring, Va., the roof was blown off a house and a tree fell on it, Fairfax County fire department spokesman Lt. Raul Castillo said. High winds were also blamed for the collapse of a crane at a steel mill site near Baltimore. No one was injured.
Funnel clouds were reported in other parts of the region.
The National Weather Service in Sterling, Va., had not confirmed whether any tornadoes touched down, said meteorologist Brandon Peloquin. He said teams would likely go out later to assess the damage.
In Ohio, weather service meteorologist Andy Hatzos said countless funnel clouds had been reported by early Wednesday, but no tornadoes had been confirmed.
Rain fell at a rate of 2 inches an hour in parts of Ohio.
Farther west, in Kansas City, Kan., a fuel distribution center partly reopened Wednesday, a day after a spectacular fire that started when a lightning strike ignited a storage tank. No one was hurt.
___
Associated Press writers Deanna Martin in Moscow, Ind., and John Raby in Charleston, W.Va., contributed to this report.
DAILY MAIL WASHINGTON BUREAU
WASHINGTON - Steel company consolidation is a non-starter unlessboth major West Virginia steel producers are included andsteelworker benefits are protected, Steel Caucus Chairman JayRockefeller, D-W.Va., said.
Executives at some of the nation's largest steel companies,including Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel, said Tuesday they wantcongressional and administration support for a plan to allow as manyas a half dozen steel producers to merge into a single company.
Battered by bankruptcies and foreign imports, steel producers sayconsolidation represents the domestic steel industry's hope forsurvival.
"It's survival," was also Rockefeller's answer to why Wheeling-Pittsburgh and neighboring Weirton Steel must be included in anyconsolidation plan. If the companies aren't in on the merger, theycould disappear, Rockefeller said.
As it is, both West Virginia producers are struggling. Wheeling-Pittsburgh has filed for bankruptcy, while Weirton has been forcedto restructure and lay off workers.
Noting that several European and Japanese manufacturers haveannounced mergers in recent weeks, Weirton's chief executiveofficer, John Walker, said, "These super-mergers will make itdifficult for smaller producers to compete in the years ahead."
The conceived merger would likely combine four to six domesticproducers, creating a company that would manufacturer about 30million tons of steel a year. In addition to Wheeling-PittsburghSteel, U.S. Steel and Bethlehem Steel are known to have been part ofthe consolidation talks. In a letter to U.S. Steel Chairman TomUsher and in talks Tuesday with Commerce Secretary Don Evans,Rockefeller reiterated his concern that Weirton also must beincluded.
The other condition on consolidation is that retiree benefitsmust be taken care of, Rockefeller said. The benefits, known aslegacy costs, are estimated at $10 billion over 10 years.
Steelworkers President Leo Gerard said a "creative solution" mustbe found to deal with legacy costs. Current workers' jobs also mustbe protected. "There may be too many steel companies, but there arenot too many steel workers," Gerard said.
There are currently about 140,000 active steelworkers and 600,000retirees.
Mark Glyptis, head of the Independent Steelworkers Union, saidthe news of consolidation talks came as no surprise. The Bushadministration had said consolidation was necessary when announcingit would undertake a massive investigation of steel imports. TheU.S. International Trade Commission is set to announce later thisweek what remedies, such as tariffs or quotas, it favors to dealwith the steel importation problem.
Rockefeller also has said consolidation could be a solution tosaving the domestic steel industry and introduced legislationencouraging mergers earlier this year.
Glyptis said he wasn't convinced consolidation was the answer tosteel's woes. "I don't believe bigger is always better," he said.
A Penn State professor who studies mergers agrees. "Bigness onits own, mergers on their own, are not a solution," said FariborzGhadar.
Writer Karin Fischer can be reached at (202) 662-8732 or by e-mail at kfischer@dailymail.com.
James Williams is credited with helping to convert StanleyRoberts from a 300-pound junk-food addict to a highly motivatedbasketball player who recently signed a $15 million contract with theOrlando Magic of the NBA.
Williams said he can do the same for William Perry, Mike Tysonand Buster Douglas.
"I know I can help them," he said. "I hope to take my skills tothe professional level. No one else can do the things I can do forathletes."
So who is Williams?
He could be the Jenny Craig of the NBA or NFL. He is anholistic fitness consultant and trainer who helps people developtheir lives mentally, physically and spiritually. He deals withstress, nutrition and fitness, but he prefers Eastern principles ofhuman development, such as yoga and t'ai chi, to traditional methodsof fitness training.
"The trouble with athletics today," he said, "is a lot ofdevelopment programs are centered around traditional training ideas -running, jumping, push-ups, pull-ups, sit-ups. No one addresses thekind of mental things that must be addressed.
"Athletes are under a lot of mental stress. They aren't taughtthe proper foundation for development, something that will have aneverlasting effect on their performance. Stress is the biggestfactor in failure in athletics. My job is to ensure that clientsperform to their highest level of efficiency."
Williams, 41, has come a long way since his boyhood days inK-Town, near Karlov and Fifth Avenue. He attended Marshall butdidn't graduate. He played basketball with Darryl Stingley, ChesterFuller and Darryl Minnifield and dreamed of playing in the NBA.
It never happened. His father died of a heart attack when hewas 13. His mother was hospitalized in a mental institution for morethan 30 years. From age 15 to 22, he sold drugs and snorted heroin.
But he got a break that saved his life. On the night a coachfrom a small NAIA college in Detroit came to recruit him, Williamswas strung out on drugs. The coach, James Giles, who is now at PolkCommunity College in Winter Haven, Fla., knew he was high. But hethought Williams had to get out of the city. So he took him to ShawCollege, where Williams graduated with a degree in humanities.
Later, Williams was a child-care worker and counselor at a homefor troubled youth in Detroit, coached men's and women's basketballat Shaw College and served as a coach, teacher and administrator atMalcolm X College before becoming a fitness trainer. One of hisclients was actor John Cusack.
"Through his leadership," Malcolm X athletic director Dan Davissaid, "he has convinced our students that developing sound fitnessand nutritional habits will improve the length and quality of theirlives."
Through a friend of a friend who knew Roberts, Williams wascontacted by Roberts' agent before the 1991 NBA draft. Roberts, whoplayed at LSU with Shaquille O'Neal, had serious weight and personalproblems. Williams was dispatched to Baton Rouge, La., for a monthto work with him.
"I was hired to motivate him to train and accept an offer fromthe Magic," Williams said. "We talked about his weight and stressproblems. I got him off junk food. I cooked better nutritional foodfor him. He worked out twice a day and lost 15 pounds. And Ipersuaded him that it was in his best interest to accept the Magic'soffer. He had never worked out hard since grade school. Now hebusts his butt."
Williams said he also can be a positive influence on Perry, thebulky and wayward Bears defensive tackle who Williams said "hasstress-related problems that have pushed him to a food addiction."
"I can show him a reflection of my own life," he said. "If Ican do it, anyone can do it. If I can overcome the personalhardships I have had in my life, I have no doubt the Perrys andRobertses of the world can overcome whatever barriers are in theirpsyche that prevent them from being self-motivated."
Manny Pacquiao is waiting on a decision in the Philippine elections.
Filipinos voted Monday as the world welterweight boxing champion seeks a seat in his country's Congress for the second time. Pacquiao lost a race in 2007. His political party is called the People's Champ Movement.
The boxer is trying to join other Filipino celebrities and former athletes who have won seats in Congress the past two decades. His opponent, 61-year-old Roy Chiongbian, is from a politically powerful family.
The 31-year-old Pacquiao is considered the world's best pound-for-pound boxer. His popularity in the Philippines includes a side career as a singer.
As I was walking up the drive from the parking lot at Halas Hallon Tuesday, I nearly was run over by a speeding car headed the otherdirection.
OK, maybe I wasn't nearly run over.
And maybe I should have been on the grass and not the pavement,anyway.
And maybe the car was moving, shall we say, crisply, rather thanspeeding.
But it for sure was Bobby Engram in the car with, I'm guessing,his wife, and he was gettin' out of Dodge with full-throttlealacrity.
Inside Halas Hall, Bears general manager Jerry Angelo, therecently acquired, skinny, salt-and-pepper-haired, blue-eyed CaptainAdios, was telling us that high-priced, seemingly worthwhile veteransEngram, Clyde Simmons and Thomas Smith all were former Bears.
These men--like Cade McNown, Mike Wells and Curtis Enis beforethem--would be taking the highway to somewhere else.
Maybe Engram, the gutsy sixth-year wide receiver out of Penn Statewho battled back from a serious knee injury, was halfway to whereverthe next place is even as Angelo spoke.
Since I've seen so many of these grim, double-speaking launchingparties before, I became almost bleary-eyed as the pre-packaged wordsrolled off the GM's tongue.
OK, uh, we made some decisions,'' Angelo had begun somewhatpromisingly, if for no other reason than that using a word likedecision'' means that a crossroads has been reached and a directionmust be taken.
Swiftly came the usual plethora of pablum: great respect,'' highlycompetitive,'' wasn't going to be an integral part,'' breathingroom,'' put the best product on the field,'' what's best for ourteam right now.''
And, yes, the final cigar-ash flick in every released player'scoffin: We wish him well.''
I think that was said specifically of erstwhile Bears cornerbackSmith, who was highly paid and not very good--a mistake by anytalent evaluation--but it could have gone for anybody.
The statement I liked most from Captain Adios was this, for itsclarity, at least: Thomas [Smith] is a square peg in a round hole.''
My God, are not the Bears themselves a hexagonal septic field?
The Bears stink.
Everybody knows that.
If you fired the entire squad and re-signed a team made up ofwaiver acquisitions, Arena League all-stars, weight-room freaks,quasi-reformed serial killers and hungry farm boys, you probablywouldn't be that much harmed for it.
Coach Dick Jauron is as close to a dead man walking as Sean Pennwas in that dull movie with Susan Sarandon.
Angelo, if he were brutally, dangerously honest, would tell usthat the highly paid vets have been canned because they make too muchmoney, the Bears' recent draft choices (except for Brian Urlacher)have stunk, the old Bears management was nuts, the team reeks andwhat difference does any of it make?
He can't say that, and I understand.
But we, the fans, know what's up.
Five years without a winning record means even an idiot could haveput the Bears pretty much where they are right now. Which is tosay, on the bottom, receiving a D'' grade from ESPN The Magazine inits recent NFL preview, the report finishing with these definingwords: Not nearly enough horses to play with the big boys thisseason.''
This season already is lost.
We all know that.
Angelo went on with some blather about not wanting just to be 8-8this season, and I found myself marveling that he could speak socavalierly of the great joy of being so much as average, that .500 isa dream season compared to expectations for these woeful Bears.
I mean, the whole thing, all of it, is a kind of inside joke.
Anybody can win in the NFL.
Commissioner Paul Tagliabue has made parity a crusade, riggingthings so that an NFL organization has to be filled--and I meanloaded from janitor to chairman--with morons not to randomly finditself deep into the playoffs.
Injured wide receiver Marcus Robinson talked to us media ghoulsabout the canning of respected veterans such as Engram.
It's a business, too,'' Robinson said, for those of us who thoughtit might be solely a sport, or perhaps a picnic. I think there areonly four people, including myself, who have been here since '97.''
It was shortly after noon and I was hungry--it being lunchtime forherd animals--and I found myself thinking that the Bears were not allthat much different from a restaurant.
Both enterprises must try to give the public that which it needsand, at times, craves, and do it well while in competition with otherbusinesses that do pretty much the same thing.
The difference is, if a restaurant stinks, it goes out ofbusiness.
Or, at the very least, it shutters its doors and hangs out a signthat reads, CLOSED FOR RENOVATIONS.''
Why can't the Bears have such decency?
SAO PAULO, Brazil - Brazil has requested the United States extradite two leaders of an evangelical church who allegedly used their followers' donations to buy mansions, a horse farm and apartments in Brazil and the U.S., the Foreign Ministry said Tuesday.
Estevam Hernandes Filho, 52, and his wife, Sonia Haddad Moraes Hernandes, 48, were arrested by U.S. customs agents in Miami earlier this month on charges of carrying a large sum of undeclared cash.
According to Brazil's Justice Ministry, the United States has 60 days to decide whether the couple will be sent home, where they face charges of money laundering, larceny and fraud.
The two were arrested Jan. 9 after arriving in Miami with $56,467, but claimed to be carrying only $10,000, according to an affidavit.
The church has called the charges against Hernandes Filho and his wife "slander" and said there was simply a "mistake" in their customs declaration but declined to provide details.
"I can assure you that the recent events have in no way shaken the faith of our followers," Reborn in Christ spokesman Marcio Foffu said by telephone.
The couple's attorney, Luiz Flavio Borges D'Urso, did not immediately return phone calls seeking comment.
Hernandes Filho, a former Xerox marketing executive, and his wife founded the Reborn in Christ Church in 1986 and rode the wave of popularity of evangelical churches in Brazil, the world's largest Roman Catholic country.
The Reborn in Christ Church claims to have "hundreds of thousands" of faithful and some 1,200 temples, including three in the United States - Orlando and Deerfield Beach, Fla., and Boston.
COLUMBUS, Ohio - After his postgame remarks, VMI coach Duggar Baucom asked about the big showdown between Michigan and Ohio State in football next Saturday. When a reporter joked that Ohio State was a basketball school, Baucom deadpanned, "It was tonight."
Daequan Cook scored 22 points and No. 7 Ohio State's Thad Five recruiting class opened the season with a record-setting 107-69 victory over VMI on Friday night in the opening round of the BCA Classic.
"Our guys played against some guys they'll be watching on TV before long," Baucom said. "He (Ohio State coach Thad Matta) has a stable of horses."
It was a spotty game for both teams, particularly so for the Buckeyes with two freshmen and a junior-college transfer in the starting lineup.
"I don't know if I've coached in a game like that, where offensively you're basically making plays the entire night," Matta said as he ran his record to 7-0 in openers as a head coach.
Cook, who came off the bench, also had nine rebounds to lead the freshmen. His 22 points is the most ever by an Ohio State freshman in an opener, breaking Michael Redd's record of 21 in 1997.
"I felt comfortable," Cook said. "I let the game come to me. Coach Matta and I talked about the fact that I was rushing a lot of shots and drawing a lot of charges. I tried to relax and let the game come to me."
Classmates David Lighty added 11 points and Mike Conley Jr. - son of the 1992 Olympic gold medalist in the triple jump - totaled 10 assists.
"That was a real good test, especially the way they played a pressing defense the whole game," Conley said. "That kind of defense causes a lot of turnovers and for me to have only two turnovers shows I took care of the ball."
Hunter, the transfer, had eight points and 13 rebounds.
"Coach told us we didn't do a good job rebounding in the two exhibition games," the 6-foot-9 forward said. "He made us work on it, box out and go get the ball."
Among the veterans, Jamar Butler added 18 points, Ivan Harris 17 and Ron Lewis 15 for the Buckeyes, who have one starter back (Butler) from last year's team that went 26-6 and won the Big Ten title.
The 107 points was an Ohio State record at Value City Arena, breaking by three points the mark set a year ago in a victory over Penn State. It was the biggest production from a Buckeyes team since a 121-96 win over George Mason in early 1995. The Buckeyes also tied an arena record with their 43 field goals.
The biggest-profile Buckeye - 7-foot center Greg Oden, the prize center of Matta's acclaimed recruiting class - is recovering from wrist surgery that will likely sideline him until the first of the year.
Oden strolled out to the bench shortly before the opening tip wearing tan pants, a white shirt with the sleeves rolled up and a towel around his neck. He wore a scarlet, gray and black brace on his right wrist.
Reggie Williams had 16 points and 11 rebounds, Fred Robinson 16 points and Matt Murrer 15 for the Keydets.
The teams combined for 81 3-point attempts in a wild, wide-open game. The Keydets were 11-for-47 to set a school mark for attempts. The Buckeyes were 13-of-34.
"Honestly, we had to play that way," Matta said. "Then at about the 15-minute mark of the second half, they weren't coming as quickly behind us and we had really good spacing. We told our players, 'Go. Keep attacking them.'"
Ahead 56-49 early in the second half, the Buckeyes finally broke free with a 16-5 run. Hunter got it going with a tip-in and Butler and Lewis each added 3-pointers during the spurt, Lewis scoring five points and Harris four.
They later added a 19-0 run that featured a high-flying tomahawk dunk by Cook, the Buckeyes ending the game on a 30-8 run.
"They're as advertised," Baucom said. "Their defense was much better in the second half. Every shot was contested. They started playing Big Ten basketball and got real physical with us."
The Buckeyes advance to meet Loyola of Chicago - a 68-57 winner over Princeton - in Saturday night's second round. The Keydets play Princeton.
The Buckeyes led 51-43 after a ragged first half in which VMI squeezed off 50 shots. Cook hit his first seven shots from the field.
"I still had some butterflies in my stomach, since it was my first college game," Cook said.
It sure didn't look like it.
HarperCollins President Brian Murray is taking over the duties of chief executive after Jane Friedman became the second publishing CEO to step down in recent weeks amid increasing pressure on the industry.
The publishing company owned by Rupert Mudoch's News Corp. said Friedman's resignation Wednesday was effective immediately.
"We are enormously grateful for her contributions over the past 10 years and understand her desire to seek new challenges at this point in her career," Murdoch said in a statement issued late Wednesday.
Friedman began overseeing HarperCollins' worldwide book publishing in 1997. Previously, she was an executive vice president at Random House Inc. and the Knopf Publishing Group. She also was publisher of Vintage Books and founder and president of Random House Audio Publishing.
"My 10 years at HarperCollins have been far and away the most rewarding of my career and so it was not easy to make the decision to step down," said Friedman, who saw the company's profits more than double during her tenure while it entered new markets including India and China.
Murray, 41, has been president of HarperCollins since July 2007. He joined the publisher 10 years earlier and held several positions in the General Books Group until 2001, when he was named CEO of HarperCollins Australia/New Zealand. Murray returned to HarperCollins in the U.S. as group president in 2004 before his promotion to president.
"In his 11-year tenure, Brian has demonstrated an impressive track record of growing publishing companies," Murdoch said. HarperCollins said he has led the publisher's digital efforts, including the development of its direct-to-consumer marketing.
"I am looking forward to working with my colleagues to invest in and grow our publishing businesses around the world at a time when digital technologies are creating new opportunities to bring authors and readers together," Murray said.
Friedman's departure comes less than a month after Random House CEO Peter W. Olson stepped down. Olson held the job since 1998 but was hampered by losses at the unit of Germany's Bertelsmann AG amid a wider slowdown in book sales.
Borders Group Inc., the nation's second-largest bookseller, said this week it was eliminating nearly 275 corporate jobs as it considers selling off the company after losing market share to online retailers and discounters in a difficult U.S. economic climate.
Its larger rival Barnes & Noble Inc., which itself has had a difficult year, has assembled a management team to study the feasibility of a combination with Borders.
Barnes & Noble recently said it expects sales at its stores open at least a year to be slightly negative instead of slightly positive this year, based on lower-than-expected sales and a challenging retail environment.
SAN JOSE, California (AP) — Results Sunday from the SAP Open, a $600,000 ATP Tour event on indoor hard-courts at HP Pavilion (seedings in parentheses):
| Singles |
|---|
| Final |
Milos Raonic (3), Canada, def. Denis Istomin, Uzbekistan, 7-6 (3), 6-2.
| Doubles |
|---|
| Final |
Mark Knowles, Bahamas, and Xavier Malisse (4), Belgium, def. Kevin Anderson, South Africa, and Frank Moser, Germany, 6-4, 1-6, 10-5 tiebreak.
German carmaker BMW AG said Thursday its net profit fell 90 percent in 2008 as the global economic crisis cut into demand for its sports and luxury cars.
In an unscheduled preliminary earnings release, the Munich-based company said its net profit for the full year dropped to euro330 million ($416 million) in 2008 from euro3.1 billion in 2007.
Total revenues fell 5 percent to euro53 billion from euro56 billion in 2007.
BMW said earnings before interest and taxes, a measure of operating profit, fell 78 percent to euro921 million, while the group's total car production dropped 6.6 percent to 1.44 million cars.
BMW said that in addition to the weak car markets in 2008, the company was affected by euro2.4 billion in costs to cover bad debts, one-time personnel costs and provisions to cover risks on used car markets.
The company, which is scheduled to release its full earnings report on March 18, did not provide fourth quarter 2008 figures.
It also didn't provide an outlook for the full year, though the management made an effort to reassure its investors.
"The BMW Group has been able to make improvements at an operating level in the midst of extremely difficult economic times," Norbert Reithofer, BMW's chief executive said in the release.
"Cost structures have been further optimized, and thanks to rigorous management of free cash flow, the BMW group is in a very solid financial position."
He said the company was maintaining its goal of saving more than euro4 billion in material costs by 2012.
BMW said that because of its swift response to bring production volumes in line with lower demand, it was able to increase its working capital. Its holdings of cash funds and marketable securities on capital markets increased by 86 percent to euro8.1 billion, while interest bearing assets increased to euro9 billion form euro7.3 billion in 2007.
In terms of divisions, the company said production of the BMW brand fell nearly 8 percent for the year to 1.2 million cars from 1.3 million in 2007.
The compact Mini brand saw production decline 1.1 percent to 235,019 cars, while the ultra-luxury Rolls Royce brand saw an increase in production of near 40 percent. Rolls Royce sold 1,212 cars in 2008, compared with 1,010 cars in 2007.
Meanwhile, motorcycle production was nearly flat in 2008, totaling 104,220 units built.
"We believed BMW would be best able to preserve capital in this crisis and so far, that has been proven correct," Bernstein Research analyst Max Warburton wrote in a note to clients.
"We continue to see BMW as the safest place in European autos. While we worry about long-term returns and limited peak earnings power, and worry about financial services losses, near-term it continues to look best positioned to remain very liquid."
Bernstein rates the shares at "Outperform" with a target price of euro30.
The shares of BMW were about 1 percent lower at euro22.93 in Frankfurt afternoon trading Thursday.
___
On the Net:
Englewood's namesake high school earned a dubious distinction a year ago when it posted the worst test scores in the district. Fewer than 5 percent of juniors passed the Prairie State Achievement Examination.
Citing a "culture of failure" there, Chicago Public Schools officials decided that Englewood Academy High School would not accept freshmen this fall, and that it would close after the remaining students graduate. Like Flower, DuSable, Austin, and Calumet high schools, Englewood would be replaced by several small themed high schools. Residents and community groups were invited to submit proposals.
The goal is to improve the quality of high schools in Englewood and offer students there a choice. But just a mile or so to the north, another school--one that happens to have the best academic track record among the community's three high schools--is bracing itself to deal with the impact of a district decision that will drastically alter the mix of students next year.
That decision, made to relieve overcrowding at nearby high schools, will require John Hope College Prep to enroll freshmen on the basis of newly drawn attendance boundaries. Previously, the majority of Hope's 9th-graders were drawn from its own 8th-grade class; others had to apply to get in.
"We tried to pick the best and the brightest," says counselor Aretha Williams, noting Hope generally received 25 applications for each open slot.
Now, Hope must admit any student who resides within the new boundaries, which were cobbled together from areas previously assigned to Tilden, Gage Park or Harper high schools.
The next two years will be a particular challenge, says Principal Mahalia Hines, as the school accommodates both its own rising middle school students as well as those who enter 9th grade from nine feeder elementaries. Next year's freshmen class could double in size, estimates Hines, who fears that accommodating extra students will mean losing space for 7th- and 8th-graders.
"Once we take kids from feeder schools, there probably won't be space to house the middle school," says Hines, who has been principal since 1988. "The success we've had is because we've been a middle school."
District spokesman Tim Tuten notes that expectations for Hope remain the same. "The thinking is always that test scores will go up," he says.
TEACHING JOBS CUT
Hope evolved from an elementary school that added a 9th grade in 1997, then later converted to a 7th- through 12th-grade format. Since then, it has amassed an impressive academic track record, winning a rising star award from the district last year after it registered a 12-point increase in its pass rate on the Prairie State exams.
Hope has racked up other accolades as well. Its debate team has won citywide competitions and its girls' basketball team competed for the state title in two of the last three years.
But Hope faces challenges beyond those posed by an onslaught of new students. In this year's tough budget climate, it was forced to cut 12 teaching positions. History teacher Edward Gallagher says more students and fewer teachers means overcrowded classrooms. "The morale here has been very seriously affected," he says. "We're seeing outstanding teachers dismissed."
Still, the principal sounded an optimistic note. All 9th-graders are required to attend a two-week summer orientation program that spells out school rules and effective study habits. Assistant Principal Michael Durr has met separately with each class of returning students, asking them to welcome new students and help them learn the ropes.
"We need kids to buy into this," Durr says. "We want them to say, 'This is how we do things in our home.'"
Jeff Kelly Lowenstein is a Chicago-based writer. E-mail him at editor@catalyst-chicago.org.
Article copyright Community Renewal Society.
THE Secret Squirrel of Smart Rd got his comeuppance yesterday.
Standing in the dock of the New Plymouth District Court,Christopher William Jones, who ran a website called Secret Squirrel,admitted three offences under the Films, Videos and PublicationsClassification Act.
The 22-year-old pleaded guilty to making a copy of anobjectionable publication for supply, possession of an objectionablepublication and offering to supply an unlabelled R18 film, namelyLollipops 10.
Prosecutor Norman Gwynne said the Department of Internal Affairscame across the Secret Squirrel website, which offered for salecopies of movies, computer games and PlayStation 2 and X-box games,last March.
"The site stated it offered these as a back-up service to thosepeople that already had copies of the products. However the sitemade no effort to confirm this other than to show a disclaimer."
An internal affairs officer paid $25 and bought a copy of thePlayStation 2 game Manhunt, which had been classified asobjectionable by the Chief Censor and banned in New Zealand, hesaid.
On April 14 a search warrant was executed at Jones' Smart Rdhouse where two computers were found -- one containing the websiteand another for copying games and movies.
"There were hundreds of DVD movies and games found, including themaster copy of the (banned) game Manhunt and unlabelled, restrictedadult movies that had been offered for sale on the website."
Lawyer Kelly Ludlam said her client had "grown up" since thisincident and was taking responsibility.
Judge Christopher Harding fined Jones $2000 on the supplyingcharge and $250 on each of the other two charges. He also orderedhim to pay court costs of $130 on each charge.
The judge said Jones had already been dealt with by the court foraccessing computer systems for dishonest purposes, offences thatoccurred around the same time as these.
He also ordered the destruction of the movies, games, disks andcomputers.
Plug pulled on Secret SquirrelTHE Secret Squirrel of Smart Rd got his comeuppance yesterday.
Standing in the dock of the New Plymouth District Court,Christopher William Jones, who ran a website called Secret Squirrel,admitted three offences under the Films, Videos and PublicationsClassification Act.
The 22-year-old pleaded guilty to making a copy of anobjectionable publication for supply, possession of an objectionablepublication and offering to supply an unlabelled R18 film, namelyLollipops 10.
Prosecutor Norman Gwynne said the Department of Internal Affairscame across the Secret Squirrel website, which offered for salecopies of movies, computer games and PlayStation 2 and X-box games,last March.
"The site stated it offered these as a back-up service to thosepeople that already had copies of the products. However the sitemade no effort to confirm this other than to show a disclaimer."
An internal affairs officer paid $25 and bought a copy of thePlayStation 2 game Manhunt, which had been classified asobjectionable by the Chief Censor and banned in New Zealand, hesaid.
On April 14 a search warrant was executed at Jones' Smart Rdhouse where two computers were found -- one containing the websiteand another for copying games and movies.
"There were hundreds of DVD movies and games found, including themaster copy of the (banned) game Manhunt and unlabelled, restrictedadult movies that had been offered for sale on the website."
Lawyer Kelly Ludlam said her client had "grown up" since thisincident and was taking responsibility.
Judge Christopher Harding fined Jones $2000 on the supplyingcharge and $250 on each of the other two charges. He also orderedhim to pay court costs of $130 on each charge.
The judge said Jones had already been dealt with by the court foraccessing computer systems for dishonest purposes, offences thatoccurred around the same time as these.
He also ordered the destruction of the movies, games, disks andcomputers.
R�sum�
Cette recension constitue une analyse critique des �tudes qui portent sur l'adaptation en milieu scolaire des enfants victimes d'agression sexuelle. Depuis 1979, 31 �tudes traitant d'un ou de plusieurs aspects du domaine scolaire ont �t� recens�es. Seulement 10 de ces �tudes avaient pour objectif d'�valuer ce domaine sp�cifique de comp�tences. Bien que les r�sultats ne soient pas concordants, ils r�v�lent qu'entre 10 % et 58 % des entants agress�s sexuellement �prouvent des difficult�s en milieu scolaire, tant au niveau de la performance que de l'adaptation psychosociale. Les limites m�thodologiques et conceptuelles des donn�es collig�es � ce jour sont relev�es afin de faire le point sur la question et d'�mettre des recommandations pour les recherches futures.
Plusieurs exp�riences d'apprentissage, de socialisation et d'int�gration se produisent en milieu scolaire. Ces exp�riences peuvent avoir une influence d�terminante sur le d�veloppement social, affectif et cognitif d'un enfant. La recherche nous indique que certains �v�nements traumatiques sont susceptibles de nuire � l'int�gration d'un enfant � l'�cole (Perry, Pollard, Blakley, Baker & Vigilante, 1995). Ces donn�es sugg�rent que l'agression sexuelle pendant l'enfance, au m�me titre que d'autres formes de violence, pourrait entraver le d�veloppement optimal de l'enfant. Les taux d'incidence et de pr�valence de ce type d'agression sont consid�rables. Selon une r�cente �tude canadienne sur l'incidence des mauvais traitements commis � l'endroit de mineurs, 14 406 all�gations d'agressions sexuelles ont �t� signal�es aux services de protection de l'enfance entre janvier et d�cembre 1998 (Trocm�, MacLaurin, Fallon, Daciuk, Billingsley, Tourigny et al., 2001). Au Qu�bec, on rapporte des taux d'incidence annuels sur 1 000 enfants de 4,3 pour les filles et de 1,7 pour les gar�ons (Tourigny, Mayer, Wright, Lavergne, Trocm�, H�lie et al., 2002). Les chercheurs s'entendent cependant sur le fait que l'agression sexuelle pourrait affecter un plus grand nombre d'enfants que ce qu'indiquent ces statistiques (Finkelhor, 1993). En effet, les taux d'incidence ne sont fond�s que sur les cas rapport�s aux autorit�s. Une �tude conduite aupr�s d'adultes agress�s sexuellement (AS) pendant l'enfance r�v�le d'ailleurs que seulement 10 % des victimes avaient rapport� l'agression avant d'atteindre l'�ge adulte (Edgardh & Ormstad, 2000). En ce qui concerne la pr�valence de l'agression sexuelle telle que rapport�e r�trospectivement par des adultes, la m�ta-analyse de Gorey et Leslie (1997) indique qu'environ 22,3 % des femmes et 8,5 % des hommes ont �t� victimes d'agression sexuelle avant l'�ge de 18 ans. Consid�rant les taux de pr�valence, Finkelhor estime que 1 fille sur 4 et 1 gar�on sur 10 sont agress�s sexuellement. Lorsque ces chiffres sont transpos�s au milieu scolaire, il est possible d'estimer qu'au moins 1 enfant par classe de 30 �l�ves, sinon plus, peut �tre agress� sexuellement (Cristenberry & Beasly, 1991). Ce constat est inqui�tant puisque les cons�quences de ce type d'agression sont importantes (Paolucci, Genuis & Violato, 2001).
La recherche r�v�le en effet que l'agression sexuelle entra�ne plusieurs r�percussions � court et � long terme. Alors que les auteurs rapportent qu'entre 21 % � 49 % des enfants AS manifestent initialement une forme de resilience (Caffaro-Rouget, Lang & Virginia, 1989; Conte & Schuerman, 1987; Tong, Oates & McDowell, 1987), d'autres soutiennent que plusieurs �prouvent des difficult�s d'adaptation imm�diates. Les �crits empiriques r�v�lent notamment que plusieurs jeunes victimes pr�sentent des comportements sexuels inappropri�s, des sympt�mes de stress post-traumatique (SSPT), de d�pression, d'anxi�t�, de somatisation et des r�actions de peur et de retrait (Kendall-Tackett, Williams & Finkelhor, 1993; Paolucci et al., 2001). Les �tudes font �galement mention d'une d�valorisation personnelle et de comportements agressifs. Un plus petit nombre d'�tudes observe aussi des probl�mes scolaires chez ces enfants (Bromberg & Johnson, 2001). � long terme, les chercheurs constatent que plusieurs adultes AS pendant l'enfance ont des difficult�s d'adaptation psychosociale ainsi que cl�s probl�mes de sant� physique et mentale (Banyard, Williams & Siegel, 2001). Ces r�sultats sugg�rent donc qu'il importe d'intervenir rapidement aupr�s des enfants car les cons�quences peuvent perdurer dans la vie adulte (Briere & Elliot, 2001).
Depuis la fin des ann�es 70, les chercheurs tentent de documenter l'�ventail des difficult�s �prouv�es par les enfants qui d�voilent une agression sexuelle et d'identifier comment intervenir de fa�on pr�coce aupr�s de ces derniers. Il demeure selon Saunders, Berliner et Hanson (2003), que les mod�les th�oriques qui sugg�rent des avenues d'intervention pour les enfants AS sont encore tr�s peu �valu�s. De plus, tr�s rares sont les mod�les d'intervention qui consid�rent le volet scolaire afin de faciliter l'adaptation des enfants AS. La recension pr�sent�e dans cet article vise donc � �valuer le bien-fond� de consid�rer l'adaptation en milieu scolaire comme cible d'intervention � privil�gier.
Le fonctionnement des enfants AS en milieu scolaire a fait l'objet de peu d'�tudes. Depuis 1979, seulement 10 recherches se sont sp�cifiquement int�ress�es � ce sujet (Eckenrode, Laird & Doris, 1993; Einbender & Friedrich, 1989; Himelin, 1995; Kinard, 2001; Nugent, Labram & McLoughlin, 1998; Paradise, Roset, Sleeper & Nathanson, 1994; Reyome, 1993, 1994; Rust & Troupe, 1991; Trickett, McBride-Chang & Putman, 1994) et une seule a port� sur les facteurs qui contribuent � expliquer les difficult�s scolaires (Trickett et al.). Pourtant, les �l�ments qui plaident en faveur d'intensifier la recherche dans ce domaine sont �loquents. D'une part, Perry et ses coll�gues (1995) font valoir que c'est au cours de l'enfance et de la petite enfance que le d�veloppement social, cognitif et intellectuel est le plus vuln�rable aux effets d'une exp�rience traumatique, telle une agression sexuelle. D'autre part, Slater et Gallagher (1989) soulignent que si un enfant AS �prouve des difficult�s, il est fort probable qu'elles se manifestent aussi � l'�cole puisqu'il s'agit du milieu qu'il fr�quente le plus r�guli�rement. Wells, McCann, Adams, Voris et Dahl (1997) ont d'ailleurs �valu� la validit� d'une m�thode d'entrevue structur�e qui visait � distinguer les cas fond�s d'agression sexuelle chez des gar�ons. Leurs r�sultats r�v�lent que la d�t�rioration de la performance scolaire figurait parmi les trois principaux indicateurs d'une agression sexuelle. De plus, compte tenu des effets insidieux de ce type d'agression, les difficult�s d'adaptation scolaire d'un enfant pourraient constituer un indicateur valable de probl�mes psychologiques sous-jacents pour ceux qui paraissent initialement asymptomatiques. Consid�rant que l'adaptation scolaire constitue la base du d�veloppement intellectuel et social de l'enfant (Hinshaw, 1992), cet aspect prend toute son importance pour l'avenir de celui-ci.
Six indices d'ajustement
Cette recension est donc la premi�re � regrouper et �valuer la concordance des r�sultats de l'ensemble des �tudes qui ont examin� l'impact de l'agression sexuelle sur l'adaptation scolaire des enfants AS. Dans le cadre de cette d�marche, il est sugg�r� que le concept d'adaptation scolaire r�f�re � six indices d'ajustement �valu�s dans les �crits. Ces indices sont regroup�s selon les diff�rentes modalit�s d'�valuation utilis�es clans ce domaine : 1) les retards cognitifs ou intellectuels, 2) les difficult�s d'ordre cognitif (attention, concentration), 3) la comp�tence acad�mique (Achievement Tests), 4) les indices d'ajustement et de performance en milieu scolaire tels que : a) les r�sultats scolaires, b) l'�valuation du rendement � partir d'�chelles comportementales, c) les probl�mes scolaires non sp�cifi�s, d) les �checs scolaires, e) le placement dans une classe sp�cialis�e et f) l'absent�isme, 5) les probl�mes de comportement en classe et 6) les probl�mes d'adaptation sociale. L'analyse de la documentation a �t� effectu�e � l'aide des banques de donn�es PSYCINFO, ERIC et PUBMED. Les mots cl�s utilis�s �taient les suivants : child sexual abuse and school difficulties, school competence, academic achievement, cognitive deficits, intellectual delays, developmental outcomes, behaviour problems, classroom behaviour, school life and failure. Cette recension a permis d'identifier les 10 �tudes portant sp�cifiquement sur l'adaptation des enfants AS en milieu scolaire. L'inclusion de six �tudes qui �valuent l'impact de plusieurs formes de maltraitance et de 15 autres qui ont obtenu un indice de performance scolaire, sans que celui-ci soit l'objectif principal de l'�tude, a permis d'identifier un total de 31 recherches publi�es depuis 1979. Une de ces �tudes n'est pas r�vis�e car les auteurs ne font pas de distinction entre les diff�rentes formes d'abus (sexuel, physique, n�gligence) (Rowe & Eckenrode, 1999).
Afin de distinguer la nature des probl�mes d'adaptation scolaire observ�s chez les enfants, cette recension regroupe d'abord les �crits selon les six indices d'ajustement mentionn�s. Une analyse des caract�ristiques m�thodologiques de ces �tudes est ensuite pr�sent�e afin d'identifier les avenues � explorer lors des �tudes futures. Bien que certaines des �tudes recens�es r�f�rent � des �chantillons constitu�s de filles et de gar�ons, il est � noter que les diff�rences li�es au genre ne seront pas discut�es puisque peu d'auteurs relatent ces diff�rences. De plus, pour plus de la moiti� des recherches, les filles sont majoritaires, constituant de 70 % � 90 % des �chantillons. En excluant les �tudes qui portent sur la maltraitance, seulement quatre ont �valu� l'adaptation scolaire des gar�ons AS (Bagley & Shewchuck-Dann, 1991; Friedrich, Beilke & Urquiza, 1988; Friedrich & Luecke, 1988; Wells et al., 1997).
1) Les retards cognitifs ou intellectuels
Des chercheurs se sont int�ress�s � l'impact potentiel de l'agression sexuelle sur le d�veloppement intellectuel et cognitif des enfants. La majorit� des �tudes r�v�le que les enfants AS peuvent �prouver des difficult�s dans ce domaine. Dans le cadre d'une analyse des habilet�s cognitives de 147 filles �g�es entre G et 16 ans, Trickett et ses coll�gues (1994) ont �tabli un lien entre l'agression sexuelle et des scores de compr�hension du vocabulaire moins �lev�s, tel qu'�valu� par le Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPlT) (Dunn &� Diinn, 1981). Ligezinska, Firestoiie, Manion, Mclntyre, Enson et Wells (1996) ont aussi examin� ces habilet�s cognitives � l'aide du PPVT chez un groupe de 19 gar�ons et 21 filles qui avaient v�cu une agression sexuelle de type extrafamilial. Ces scores �taient utilis�s comme crit�res de s�lection pour l'�tude. Les enfants ont �t� �valu�s entre 3 et 12 mois apr�s l'agression sexuelle, alors qu'ils �taient �g�s entre 5 et 12 ans. Leurs scores �taient significativement moins �lev�s que ceux d'un groupe t�moin, recrut� � partir des dossiers m�dicaux de 43 enfants qui fr�quentaient le m�me h�pital pour des probl�mes mineurs, et qui provenaient de familles dont la structure et le niveau d'�ducation des parents �taient �quivalents. Par ailleurs, ces deux groupes n'�taient pas �quivalents en ce qui a trait � plusieurs variables li�es au niveau socio-�conomique, ce qui pourrait influencer les diff�rences sur le plan cognitif. Einbender et Friedrich (1989) ont administr� les sous-tests de vocabulaire et de dessins avec blocs du Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) (Silverstein, 1974) � 46 filles AS, de 6 � 14 ans, afin d'obtenir des scores d'habilet�s cognitives. Ils ont observ� que ces derni�res obtenaient des scores significativement moins �lev�s que le groupe t�moin constitu� de 46 filles de la m�me r�gion et de familles dont le revenu familial et la constellation �taient �quivalents. Pour leur part, Gomes-Schwartz, Horowitz et Sauzier (1985) ont administr� le Louisville Behavior Checklist (Miller, 1981) aux m�res de 87 filles et 29 gar�ons AS, �g�s entre 2 et 18 ans. Essentiellement, cette mesure �value la pr�sence de probl�mes de comportement chez les enfants. Elle comprend quatre sous-�chelles dont une permet d'�valuer les difficult�s cognitives d'apprentissage. Six mois apr�s le d�voilement, 20 % des enfants d'�ge pr�scolaire pr�sentaient des difficult�s d'apprentissage. Ils �prouvaient plus de difficult�s que les enfants d'un groupe t�moin repr�sentatif de la population g�n�rale, mais avaient moins de probl�mes d'apprentissage que des enfants recrut�s au sein d'une clinique psychiatrique. White, Halpin, Strom et Santilli (1988) ont estim� le d�veloppement psychomoteur et cognitif d'enfants d'�ge pr�scolaire, en administrant le Minnesota Child Development Inventory (MCDl) (Ireton & Thwing, 1972) aux m�res de 10 filles et 7 gar�ons AS et de 18 filles et gar�ons qui ont v�cu de la n�gligence. Cette mesure comprend quatre sous-�chelles. Une �chelle de d�veloppement g�n�ral, l'�chelle de compr�hension conceptuelle, l'expression langagi�re et l'�chelle d'efforts personnels (selfhelp) . Environ six mois apr�s le d�voilement, les scores des enfants AS � ces sous-�chelles ne se distinguaient pas de ceux du groupe t�moin, recrut� par le biais d'annonces publi�es dans le journal interne de l'h�pital. Par contre, bien que ces diff�rences ne soient pas significatives, les scores de d�veloppement g�n�ral des filles AS, ainsi que ceux de celles qui ont �t� victimes de n�gligence, �taient moins �lev�s que la moyenne des scores obtenus par des enfants du m�me �ge.
2) Difficult�s d'ordre cognitif
D'autres chercheurs observent que les enfants AS pr�sentent aussi des probl�mes d'attention et de concentration. Entre autres, Calam, Horne, Glasgow et Cox (1998) ont questionn� des professionnels oeuvrant aupr�s de 108 filles et 36 gar�ons, �g�s de 1 � 16 ans, afin d'�valuer le maintien d'une vari�t� de probl�mes comportementaux et psychologiques sur une p�riode de deux ans. Alors que 11 % des enfants AS pr�sentaient des probl�mes d'attention un mois apr�s le d�voilement, 33 % d'entre eux �prouvaient ces m�mes difficult�s deux ans plus tard. Conte et Schuerman (1987) ont administr� le Symptom Impact Checklist aux travailleurs sociaux et le Child Behavior Profile (CBF) aux parents de 292 filles et 77 gar�ons AS, �g�s entre 4 et 17 ans. Ces questionnaires �valuent la pr�sence d'une vari�t� de probl�mes d'adaptation. Ils ont observ� que 14 % des jeunes AS pr�sentaient des probl�mes de concentration, ce pourcentage �tant significativement plus �lev� que chez un groupe t�moin recrut� au sein de services de garde, de groupes religieux et d'�coles priv�es. Les auteurs soulignent que ce groupe t�moin ne peut �tre consid�r� comme �tant repr�sentatif de la population g�n�rale.
Diff�rentes hypoth�ses peuvent �tre pos�es afin d'expliquer le lien observ� entre l'agression sexuelle et les difficult�s cognitives et intellectuelles. White et ses coll�gues (1988) et Gomes-Schwartz et ses coll�gues (1985) ont notamment remarqu� ce type de probl�mes chez des enfants d'�ge pr�scolaire. Ils concluent que compte tenu de leur jeune �ge et du court d�lai entre le d�voilement et l'�valuation, les d�ficits cognitifs auraient pu �tre pr�sents avant l'agression sexuelle. Horton et Cruise (2001) sugg�rent en effet que ces difficult�s pourraient constituer un facteur de risque de la maltraitance. Les enfants qui pr�sentent un retard intellectuel seraient moins outill�s pour reconna�tre une situation d'abus et donc moins enclins � d�velopper des habilet�s pr�ventives et/ou d�voiler l'agression � un adulte. Pour l'agresseur sexuel, ces enfants pourraient aussi �tre per�us comme ayant une compr�hension limit�e de l'acte, comme �tant plus faciles � manipuler et ainsi constituer des � cibles � id�ales.
Il semble aussi que les difficult�s cognitives observ�es chez les enfants AS pourraient soit �tre des cons�quences de l'agression sexuelle soit d�couler des sympt�mes de d�pression ou d'anxi�t� qu'expriment plusieurs victimes. Par exemple, Perry et ses coll�gues (1995) sugg�rent que l'anxi�t� et la peur chronique li�es � un trauma pourraient, lorsque le traumatisme est v�cu � un jeune �ge, compromettre le d�veloppement cognitif de l'enfant. Ainsi, les chercheurs ont soulev� plusieurs hypoth�ses selon lesquelles des processus psychologiques, neurologiques ou biologiques pourraient �tre en cause (Glaser, 2000; Silva et al., 2000). Par exemple, Koenen et al. (2001) ont observ� que des modifications dans le fonctionnement des r�gions pr�frontales du cerveau adulte, possiblement dues � la pr�sence chronique de sympt�mes du SSPT, expliqueraient les probl�mes cognitifs d'attention et de concentration observ�s. Dans l'optique o� ces probl�mes cognitifs �taient des cons�quences plus intimement li�es � l'agression sexuelle, ceux-ci pourraient s'expliquer par l'impact du stress engendr� par les �v�nements de vie qui ont suivi le d�voilement (r�action de la famille, poursuite judiciaire, changements au sein du noyau familial) ou par la pr�sence de signes d�pressifs (fatigue, baisse d'int�r�t ou de motivation) (Horton & Cruise, 2001). Actuellement, les r�sultats des �tudes recens�es ne permettent pas de d�terminer la nature du lien entre l'agression sexuelle et les difficult�s cognitives et intellectuelles. Il semble cependant que l'agression sexuelle pourrait affecter le fonctionnement de l'enfant dans ce domaine en y �tant directement ou indirectement li� ou en contribuant � d�t�riorer une performance d�j� d�ficiente.
3) La comp�tence acad�mique (Achievement Tests)
Des chercheurs ont aussi �valu� la comp�tence acad�mique des enfants AS � l'aide de mesures standardis�es telles que le Wide Range Achievement TestRevised (WRAT-R) (Jastak & Wilkinson, 1984); le Stanford Achievement Test (SAT) (Gardner et al., 1982) et le Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) (Hieronymous, Lindquist & Hoover, 1978). Ce type de mesures vise � estimer les aptitudes scolaires de base des jeunes au niveau de l'arithm�tique, de la lecture et de l'orthographe selon des crit�res de rendement communs. Cette �valuation comporte des avantages uniques par rapport � une mesure d'habilet�s intellectuelles, puisqu'elle permet d'�valuer le fonctionnement de l'enfant pendant l'ann�e en cours, en fonction de la mati�re qu'il devrait avoir int�gr�e selon son niveau scolaire. Ces scores de comp�tence pourraient aussi �tre plus sensibles aux �v�nements stressants qui peuvent perturber le fonctionnement de l'enfant, telle une agression sexuelle, puisqu'ils font r�f�rence � des apprentissages pr�cis sur une p�riode de temps limit�e. Les r�sultats de la majorit� des �tudes qui ont fait usage de ce type de mesures r�v�lent que les enfants AS r�ussissent moins bien � ces tests que les enfants n'ayant pas �t� victimises. Einbender et Friedrich (1989) ont notamment compar� la comp�tence acad�mique de 46 filles AS �g�es entre 6 et 14 ans, � l'aide du WRAT-R, � celle d'un groupe de comparaison recrut� dans les �coles de la m�me r�gion et provenant de familles dont la constellation et le revenu familial �taient semblables. Quatre ans apr�s le d�voilement, ces filles obtiennent des scores de comp�tence scolaire significativement moins �lev�s que ceux du groupe t�moin. Rust et Troupe (1991) ont compar� les scores de comp�tence au SAT de 25 filles AS, dont la moyenne d'�ge �tait de 12 ans, � ceux d'un groupe t�moin provenant d'un milieu socio-�conomique �quivalent. Parmi les filles de chaque groupe (AS et t�moin), le deux tiers �tait d�j� plac� dans des classes sp�cialis�es pour troubles d'apprentissage. Malgr� cette ressemblance entre les groupes, les r�sultats indiquent qu'un mois apr�s le d�voilement, les filles AS obtenaient des scores significativement moins �lev�s en lecture, en math�matique ainsi qu'au score total du SAT. Ces r�sultats sugg�rent donc que l'agression sexuelle puisse aggraver la situation pour des jeunes filles qui �prouvaient d�j� des difficult�s de performance scolaire. Pour sa part, Kinard (2001) a compar� la comp�tence acad�mique, mesur�e par le WRAT-R, chez 102 filles et 93 gar�ons maltrait�s et �g�s entre 6 et 12 ans, � celle d'un groupe t�moin. Ce groupe �tait recrut� au sein de familles de la m�me r�gion et appari� en fonction du genre, de l'�ge, de l'ethnie, de l'ordre de naissance, du niveau socio-�conomique, du quartier et de la structure familiale. Quatre mois apr�s le d�voilement, les r�sultats des enfants AS �taient significativement moins �lev�s que ceux du groupe t�moin et semblables � ceux des enfants qui avaient v�cu d'autres formes de violence. Les r�sultats de ces trois �tudes ne sont toutefois pas concordants avec ceux obtenus par Eckenrode et ses coll�gues (1993). Ces chercheurs ont aussi compar� les scores de 244 filles et 177 gar�ons maltrait�s, �g�s entre 4 et 18 ans, � ceux d'un groupe t�moin appari� en fonction du genre, de l'�cole, de l'ann�e scolaire et du quartier d'appartenance. Parmi ceux-ci, 52 enfants avaient v�cu une agression sexuelle environ quatre ans plus t�t. Les scores de comp�tence acad�mique au ITBS ont �t� obtenus � partir des dossiers scolaires des enfants, � qui ce test avait �t� administr� au cours de l'ann�e scolaire. Alors que les enfants qui avaient v�cu de la violence physique et de la n�gligence ont obtenu des scores significativement moins �lev�s que ceux du groupe t�moin, les enfants AS ne se distinguaient pas de ce groupe. A l'exception de cette derni�re, les r�sultats des �tudes indiquent que nonobstant la p�riode � laquelle l'�valuation a �t� conduite, un mois ou quatre ans apr�s le d�voilement, les enfants AS semblent pr�senter de moins bonnes aptitudes acad�miques que les enfants non agress�s. L'�tude d'Eckenrode et ses coll�gues apporte cependant une nuance importante � ce constat puisque leurs r�sultats indiquent que les autres formes de violence affecteraient davantage la comp�tence acad�mique des enfants. En effet, cette �tude r�v�le �galement qu'� tous les niveaux (le rendement scolaire, les �checs scolaires et la discipline), les enfants qui ont v�cu de la n�gligence sont ceux qui pr�sentent le plus de probl�mes. Les enfants AS r�ussissent significativement mieux que les autres enfants maltrait�s et ne se distinguent pas du groupe t�moin.
4) Indues d'ajustement et de performance en milieu scolaire
a) R�sultats scolaires des enfants. Cette information est obtenue � partir des bulletins scolaires et d'apr�s l'�valuation de la m�re et des enseignants. Dans le cas pr�sent, la p�riode refl�t�e par l'�valuation influence consid�rablement les conclusions pouvant �tre tir�es. Par exemple, la performance scolaire rapport�e peut �tre attribu�e � la situation pr�-agression, � la p�riode au cours de laquelle elle a eu lieu ou encore � la phase postd�voilement. Chacune de ces �ventualit�s sugg�re un lien diff�rent entre l'agression sexuelle et le rendement, particuli�rement si les probl�mes �taient pr�sents avant l'agression. Paradise et ses coll�gues (1994) ont notamment consult� les bulletins scolaires et questionn� les parents et les enseignants de 120 filles et 34 gar�ons AS afin d'obtenir une �valuation cl� leur performance scolaire avant le d�voilement. Avant m�me que l'agression ne soit d�voil�e, 47 % des enfants avaient d�j� plus de difficult�s scolaires que les enfants du groupe t�moin, recrut�s � l'urgence d'une clinique m�dicale. Les r�sultats r�v�lent toutefois que les enfants du groupe t�moin avaient, au pr�alable, consult� moins souvent � l'h�pital ou pour des soins psychiatriques. L'�tude de Seng (1989) indique aussi que 58,6 % des adolescents AS obtenaient de mauvais r�sultats scolaires lors de leur arriv�e � une maison d'h�bergement pour victimes d'agression sexuelle. Les mauvaises performances observ�es par ces auteurs ont �t� obtenues � partir des informations fournies par le jeune, par les personnes qui l'ont r�f�r� ainsi qu'� partir de son dossier au centre de protection de l'enfance. La p�riode durant laquelle ces probl�mes se sont d�velopp�s n'est pas sp�cifi�e dans cette �tude.
Les r�sultats de deux �tudes qui ont �valu� la performance scolaire au cours de l'ann�e subs�quente au d�voilement ne sont pas concordants. Tel que mentionn�, Eckenrode et ses coll�gues (1993) ont �valu� la performance scolaire de 52 enfants AS � l'aide des bulletins scolaires. Les auteurs observent que ces enfants r�ussissent mieux que les enfants qui sont victimes d'autres formes de violence et qu'ils ne se distinguent pas des enfants d'un groupe t�moin. Reyome (1993) a pour sa part obtenu la participation des �coles primaires afin qu'elles fournissent de l'information sur chaque participant � partir des dossiers acad�miques. Les r�sultats r�v�lent qu'un groupe de 6 gar�ons et 13 filles AS, �g�s entre 6 et 12 ans, obtenaient de moins bonnes notes dans toutes les mati�res consid�r�es relativement aux enfants du groupe t�moin provenant de la m�me �cole et de familles dont le revenu familial �tait similaire. A plus long terme, Himelin (1995) a �valu� l'adaptation scolaire de 209 �tudiantes universitaires. Les trois indices de performance comportaient le cheminement scolaire, le nombre de cr�dits obtenus dans le cadre du programme d'�tude ainsi que Ia moyenne universitaire. Les r�sultats indiquent qu'il n'y a aucune diff�rence entre la performance des femmes agress�es sexuellement pendant leur enfance et celle de jeunes femmes n'ayant pas �t� victimis�es. L'auteur souligne que ces r�sultats doivent �tre interpr�t�s avec pr�caution puisque les �tudiantes universitaires constituent possiblement un �chantillon relativement homog�ne de personnes particuli�rement r�silier!tes.
b) Evaluation du rendement scolaire � partir d'�chelles comportementales. Einbender et Friedrich (1989) ont demand� aux m�res de 46 filles AS de compl�ter le Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenback, 1983). Cette mesure comprend une �chelle de comp�tence sociale constitu�e de trois sous-�chelles dont la sous�chelle scolaire. Elle permet d'obtenir une �valuation de la performance du jeune � l'�cole selon le parent. Selon la sous-�chelle scolaire, les auteurs constatent que les enfants AS pr�sentent des probl�mes de performance quatre ans apr�s le d�voilement. Les r�sultats indiquent que les filles AS ont plus de difficult�s � l'�cole que celles du groupe t�moin. Ce r�sultat est �galement en concordance avec les r�sultats rapport�s ult�rieurement, selon lesquels ces enfants obtiennent �galement des scores moins �lev�s au WRAT-R et au WISC-R.
D'autres chercheurs observent une d�t�rioration de la performance scolaire selon la m�re, suite � l'agression sexuelle. Dans le cadre d'une entrevue structur�e, Tong et ses coll�gues (1987) ont questionn� les m�res de 37 filles et 12 gar�ons, �g�s entre 5 et 19 ans, qui avaient d�voil� une agression sexuelle deux ans plus t�t. Les enseignants de ces enfants ont �galement compl�t� le Teacher Report Form (TRF) (Achenback, 1983) afin d'�valuer le fonctionnement � l'�cole selon les sous-�chelles suivantes : performance scolaire, travaux scolaires, comportement et apprentissages. Le groupe t�moin �tait appari� sur le plan du genre, du groupe ethnique et du niveau socio-�conomique. Selon l'�valuation de la m�re, les notes scolaires ont chut� de fa�on significative chez 32 % des enfants. Selon l'�valuation des enseignants, les enfants AS ont obtenu des scores significativement moins �lev�s que ceux du groupe t�moin sur toutes les sous-�chelles consid�r�es. Wells et ses coll�gues (1997) ont aussi observ� une d�t�rioration du rendement scolaire chez 69 gar�ons AS dont la moyenne d'�ge �tait de 8 ans. Ils ont compar� les �valuations effectu�es par les m�res dans le cadre d'une entrevue structur�e � celles d'un groupe t�moin dont les diff�rences sur le plan socio-�conomique avec le groupe AS ont �t� contr�l�es pour les analyses. Une d�t�rioration de la performance scolaire a �t� observ�e chez 47 % des gar�ons. Ce constat n'est pas universel. Selon l'�tude de Rimsza, Berg et Locke (1988), les m�res des enfants AS n'ont pas rapport�, lors d'une entrevue t�l�phonique, de changement en ce qui concerne le rendement scolaire suite � l'agression sexuelle. Il est toutefois � noter que ces familles ont �t� recrut�es alors qu'elles participaient � un programme d'intervention, ce qui pourrait influencer l'�valuation de la performance. Ces �tudes �valuent donc les r�sultats scolaires � diff�rentes p�riodes. Bien que les r�sultats ne soient pas concordants, il est possible de conclure que pour chacune des phases d'�valuation mentionn�es, au moins une �tude sur deux observe des probl�mes de performance scolaire.
c) Les probl�mes scolaires non sp�cifi�s. Dans le cadre de leurs �tudes, les chercheurs ont aussi souvent pos� une question g�n�rale aux m�res et aux enseignants afin d'�valuer si l'enfant �prouve des difficult�s � l'�cole. D'autres ont retenu pour leurs analyses une information g�n�rale relative au domaine scolaire � partir de listes comportementales. Sans que leur nature ne soit clairement d�finie, les r�sultats indiquent que les probl�mes scolaires sont observ�s couramment par les parents, les enseignants et les intervenants des enfants AS. En 1979, Johnston soulignait d�j� que ces probl�mes sont parmi ceux qui sont observ�s le plus fr�quemment par les parents de ces enfants. Finkelhor, Williams, Burns et Kalinowski (1988) rapportent que selon les professionnels qui �taient en contact avec les enfants, tels les th�rapeutes, les travailleurs sociaux et les �ducateurs, 27 % des gar�ons AS pr�sentaient des probl�mes scolaires 18 mois apr�s le d�voilement. Pour leur part, Conte et Schuerman (1987) ont questionn� les parents de 292 filles et 77 gar�ons AS, en leur demandant de compl�ter le CBF, une mesure de 110 items qui �value la r�action de l'enfant face au stress ainsi que la pr�sence de probl�mes de comportement s�v�res. Environ 15 % des parents observent des difficult�s d'ordre scolaire chez leur enfant, ce pourcentage �tant significativement plus �lev� que celui du groupe t�moin, recrut� au sein des services de garde de la m�me r�gion. Elwell et Ephross (1987) ont �valu� la pr�sence de probl�mes scolaires chez 17 filles et 3 gar�ons AS, �g�s entre 5 et 12 ans, � l'aide d'une liste comportementale compl�t�e par la m�re. Selon eux, 20 % des m�res notent que leur enfant a plus de probl�mes scolaires suite � l'agression sexuelle. AdamsTucker (1982) a men� une �tude aupr�s de 22 filles et 6 gar�ons dont la moyenne d'�ge �tait de 10 ans. Ces enfants ont �t� rencontr�s en pr�sence de leurs parents afin d'identifier les probl�mes principaux v�cus suite � l'agression sexuelle. Quatre des 28 enfants (14 %) ont �prouv� des difficult�s sur le plan scolaire. Ce pourcentage est peu �lev� consid�rant que tous les enfants �valu�s pr�sentaient d'autres difficult�s d'adaptation s�v�res n�cessitant des soins psychiatriques et que plus de la moiti� de ces enfants ne b�n�ficiaient pas, selon l'�valuation du chercheur, du soutien du parent suite au d�voilement de l'agression. Par ailleurs, l'�tude de Friedrich et Luecke (1988) r�v�le que les enfants qui pr�sentent des troubles de comportement importants en lien avec l'agression sexuelle semblent plus susceptibles d'�prouver des probl�mes scolaires. Ils ont notamment observ�, sur la base de l'�valuation des parents, que tous les gar�ons AS de leur �chantillon (n = 22) qui avaient des comportements sexualis�s envers leurs pairs pr�sentaient plus de probl�mes scolaires que les gar�ons qui avaient aussi v�cu une agression sexuelle mais qui n'avaient pas agress� leurs pairs sexuellement. L'�tude de Calam et ses coll�gues (1998) indique �galement que les difficult�s scolaires observ�es chez les enfants AS ne semblent pas s'att�nuer avec le temps. Ils ont �valu� l'�volution des probl�mes scolaires un mois et deux ans apr�s le d�voilement chez 108 filles et 38 gar�ons AS, �g�s entre 1 et 16 ans. Les travailleurs sociaux de ces enfants ont compl�t� une liste comportementale qui �valuait la pr�sence de probl�mes li�s � l'agression sexuelle, dont les probl�mes scolaires. Un mois apr�s le d�voilement, 18 % des jeunes AS pr�sentaient des probl�mes scolaires. Deux ans plus tard, 39 % des jeunes de l'�chantillon initial pr�sentaient ces m�mes difficult�s, ce qui correspond � une augmentation significative. D'autres �tudes r�v�lent que les probl�mes scolaires peuvent s'estomper avec le temps. En effet, 12 mois apr�s le d�voilement, Mannarino, Cohen, Smith et Moore-Motily (1991) rapportent que les m�res de 73 filles AS de 6 � 12 ans, observaient une am�lioration des comp�tences sociales et une diminution des probl�mes scolaires. R�trospectivement, l'�tude de Frazier et Cohen (1992) r�v�le que parmi 82 femmes recrut�es clans un centre de consultation psychologique, celles qui avaient v�cu une agression sexuelle pendant leur enfance ne rapportent pas avoir �prouv� plus de probl�mes scolaires que celles qui n'avaient pas v�cu de violence.
Compte tenu que pour certains enfants AS les probl�mes scolaires semblent s'effacer avec le temps, alors que pour d'autres ils deviennent plus apparents, la pr�sence de sympt�mes de d�pression ou d'anxi�t� pourrait constituer un exemple de facteurs contribuant au maintien de ces difficult�s (Horton & Cruise, 2001). L'�tude de Mannarino, Cohen et Gregor (1989) r�v�le notamment que les enfants AS �taient �valu�s par leur m�re comme pr�sentant autant de difficult�s d'ordre scolaire qu'un groupe t�moin clinique constitu� de participants qui avaient �t� r�f�r�s pour une �valuation en psychiatrie. La symptomatologie possiblement commune � ces deux groupes pourrait ainsi expliquer leur ressemblance sur le plan scolaire.
d) �chec d'une ann�e scolaire. Les �tudes indiquent que peu d'enfants AS �chouent une ann�e scolaire. Bagley et Shewchuck-Dann (1991) ont recrut� 380 gar�ons de 9 � 16 ans dans un centre de traitement pour troubles de comportement s�v�res. Ils ont compar� les dossiers m�dicaux de 60 gar�ons AS qui avaient des comportements sexualis�s envers leurs pairs, � ceux de gar�ons qui pr�sentaient des troubles de comportement s�v�res sans avoir v�cu d'agression sexuelle. Relativement � 40 % des gar�ons du groupe de comparaison, 16 % des gar�ons AS avaient r�p�t� une ann�e scolaire. Toutefois, les auteurs ne sp�cifient pas si les �checs scolaires ont eu lieu avant ou apr�s l'agression sexuelle. Tong et ses coll�gues (1987) ont administr� le CBCL aux m�res de 49 jeunes AS de 5 � 19 ans. Selon l'item qui porte sur ce sujet, ils rapportent aussi que 17 % d'entre eux avaient �chou� une ann�e scolaire au cours des deux ann�es subs�quentes au d�voilement. Il importe aussi de constater qu'aucune �tude recens�e ne r�v�le que les enfants AS sont significativement plus � risque d'�chouer une ann�e scolaire que les enfants nonagress�s. Eckenrode, Laird et Doris (1993) ont notamment �valu� le taux d'�checs scolaires � partir des bulletins de 420 enfants maltrait�s. Contrairement aux enfants victimes d'autres formes de violence, les 52 enfants AS ne se distinguent pas de ceux du groupe t�moin. De m�me, Caffaro-Rouget et ses coll�gues (1989) ont compar� 219 filles et 21 gar�ons AS, de 1 � 18 ans, � un groupe t�moin recrut� dans une clinique de p�diatrie. Ces deux groupes �taient comparables en termes du genre, du poids � la naissance, de l'historique de probl�mes de sant� physique ou mental et de retards d�veloppementaux. Aucune diff�rence significative n'a �t� observ�e entre les deux groupes en mati�re d'�checs scolaires, le pourcentage d'�checs scolaires des enfants AS (5 %) �tant en fait moins �lev� que celui du groupe t�moin (7,5 %). Reyome (1993) a compar� des enfants AS et des enfants victimes de violence physique � un groupe t�moin. Bien que 50 % des enfants AS (9/18) avaient r�p�t� une ann�e scolaire, ce pourcentage n'�tait pas significativement plus �lev� que celui cl�s enfants non agress�s. Selon ces r�sultats, les enfants AS ne semblent donc pas particuli�rement � risque d'�chouer une ann�e scolaire. Par contre, puisqu'ils semblent �prouver des difficult�s de performance � court terme, il est possible que des recherches � plus long terme d�montrent un lien entre l'�chec d'une ann�e scolaire et les probl�mes scolaires li�s � l'agression sexuelle.
e) Placement dans une classe sp�cialis�e. Selon les recherches de Rimsza et al. (1988) et de Caffaro-Rouget et ses coll�gues (1989), les enfants AS ne sont pas plus susceptibles que les enfants non agress�s d'�tre plac�s dans une classe sp�cialis�e. Par contre, les 19 enfants AS �valu�s dans l'�tude de Reyome (1993) sont non seulement plus � risque d'�tre plac�s dans une classe sp�cialis�e, mais autant � risque que ceux qui sont victimes de n�gligence (n = 23). Gray, Pithers, Busconi et Houchens (1999) ont �valu� un groupe de 44 filles et 83 gar�ons, �g�s entre 6 et 12 ans, dont 85 % d'entre eux avaient v�cu de la violence physique concomitante. Ils rapportent que 54 % de ces enfants AS, qui ont aussi des comportements sexualis�s envers leurs pairs, re�oivent des services d'�ducation sp�cialis�e. Ces services sont offerts lorsque les enfants expriment des probl�mes d'apprentissage, des troubles �motionnels ou des probl�mes au niveau du langage. Par ailleurs, la port�e de ces r�sultats est limit�e puisque 51 % des enfants de l'�chantillon pr�sentaient un trouble d'attention avec hyperactivit�.
f) Absent�isme. La presque totalit� des �tudes recens�es r�v�lent qu'il n'y a pas de diff�rence entre le taux d'absent�isme des enfants AS et celui d'un groupe de comparaison (Caffaro-Rouget et al., 1989; Paradise et al., 1994; Rimsza et al., 1988). Les r�sultats d'une seule �tude, celle de Seng (1989), s'opposent � ce constat. Parmi les 55 filles et 15 gar�ons AS, de 7 � 17 ans, 55,2 % d'entre eux s'absentaient fr�quemment de l'�cole. Ce r�sultat pourrait cependant s'expliquer par le fait que les adolescents sont plus susceptibles de s'absenter de l'�cole. La moyenne d'�ge des participants de cette �tude �tait cl� 14 ans alors que celle des autres �tudes variait entre 7 et 10 ans.
Les r�sultats de l'ensemble des �tudes regroup�es sous la rubrique des probl�mes scolaires indiquent que les difficult�s reconnues comme signalant des probl�mes majeurs tels que l'�chec d'une ann�e scolaire, l'absent�isme et le placement dans une classe sp�cialis�e ne semblent pas �tre des caract�ristiques des enfants AS. Du moins, ces probl�mes sont rapport�s moins couramment qu'une d�t�rioration du rendement scolaire et semblent moins fr�quents que chez les enfants victimes d'autres formes de violence (Eckenrode et al., 1993). Il importe toutefois de noter que les �tudes qui se sont int�ress�es � l'�chec scolaire et au placement dans une classe sp�cialis�e n'ont pas poursuivi leur investigation au-del� de la p�riode de d�voilement. Il serait donc possible que ce type de probl�mes apparaisse plus tard ou que l'adaptation scolaire des enfants AS soit influenc�e par la pr�sence de variables mod�ratrices qui leur sont propres.
5) Les probl�mes de comportement en classe
Les probl�mes de comportement en classe font r�f�rence aux comportements qui nuisent au bon fonctionnement et � la discipline tels que le nonrespect des consignes et le manque d'attention et de motivation. L'�tude de Trickett et coll�gues (1994) a permis d'�tablir un lien entre l'agression sexuelle et les probl�mes de comportement en classe tels qu'�valu�s par les enseignants de 147 jeunes filles �g�es entre 6 et 16 ans. La nature de cette relation demeure toutefois � explorer. En effet, selon l'�tude de Paradise et ses coll�gues (1994), les enseignants des jeunes AS de 6 � 16 ans ont jug� que ceux-ci pr�sentaient d�j� plus de probl�mes de comportement en classe que les enfants non agress�s au cours de l'ann�e pr�c�dant le d�voilement. Eckenrode et ses coll�gues (1993) ont examin� la mention de probl�mes cl� comportement en classe dans les bulletins scolaires de 52 enfants AS, �g�s entre 4 et 18 ans. Ils n'ont pas observ� de diff�rence entre le groupe d'enfants AS et le groupe t�moin � ce niveau. En contrepartie, les auteurs de quatre autres �tudes rapportent des probl�mes de comportement en classe chez les enfants AS. Tong et ses coll�gues (1987) ont notamment questionn� les m�res de 49 jeunes de 5 � 19 ans. Deux ans apr�s le d�voilement, celles-ci ont jug� que 28 % des jeunes AS pr�sentent des probl�mes de cette nature. Slater et Gallagher (1989) font aussi valoir que les enfants AS pr�sentent souvent des comportements sexualis�s qui nuisent au fonctionnement normal de la classe. Reyome (1994) souligne que les comportements d�jeunes maltrait�s �g�s entre 6 et 16 ans, incluant les jeunes AS, sont �valu�s par les enseignants (Achenback, 1991) comme �tant moins bien adapt�s aux demandes de la classe que ceux des enfants non agress�s. Au niveau pr�scolaire, par exemple, ces enfants seraient moins cr�atifs, moins enthousiastes et moins enclins � apprendre. Au primaire, ils seraient moins int�ress�s et impliqu�s dans les activit�s que les enfants du groupe t�moin. Erickson, Egeland et Pianta (1989) ont aussi �valu� l'adaptation de quatre groupes d'enfants maltrait�s (abus physique et psychologique, agression sexuelle, n�gligence). Tous ces enfants ont �t� �valu�s par leurs enseignants comme �tant moins attentifs en classe, plus impatients, plus impulsifs, plus d�pendants et moins susceptibles de donner de bonnes r�ponses. Plus particuli�rement, les 11 enfants AS �valu�s, de m�me que ceux qui ont �t� victimes de n�gligence, �taient per�us par leurs enseignants comme �tant plus anxieux et moins coop�rants.
6) Les probl�mes d'adaptation sociale
L'objet de cette recension �tant de se centrer sur les probl�mes d'adaptation scolaire, les �tudes portant sur l'adaptation sociale n'ont pas �t� recens�es de fa�on exhaustive. Celles qui ont �t� retenues ont �t� s�lectionn�es parce qu'elles traitaient aussi de l'adaptation scolaire. Les probl�mes d'adaptation sociale font r�f�rence � un large spectre de comportements qui t�moignent d'un manque d'empathie, d'habilet�s communicatives et d'inhibition sociale lorsque l'enfant interagit avec les autres. Finkelhor et Browne (1986) proposent que l'agression sexuelle peut engendrer des processus internes (des dynamiques) chez l'enfant qui modifient sa perception cognitive et �motionnelle de son entourage. De fait, la s�v�rit� de l'agression sexuelle, la fa�on dont elle est v�cue et per�ue par l'enfant et sa famille, ainsi que son caract�re insidieux peuvent engendrer chez l'enfant des sentiments de trahison, de manipulation, d'impuissance, de diff�rence et de culpabilit�. � un jeune �ge, ces sentiments pourraient donc perturber la perception qu'a l'enfant des relations interpersonnelles et faire en sorte qu'il se comporte de fa�on inappropri�e; c'est-�-dire qu'il pr�sente des signes d'agressivit� ou de m�fiance, un besoin de proximit� excessif ou des comportements de retrait (CoIe & Putman, 1992). La majorit� des �tudes qui ont �valu� l'adaptation sociale des enfants AS soutiennent cette hypoth�se. En effet, Dubowitz, Black, Harrington et Verschoore (1993) ont administr� le CBCL (Achenback, 1991) aux m�res de 93 enfants AS, �g�s en moyenne de 5,9 ans. Environ un mois postd�voilement, ces enfants pr�sentaient plus de comportements de retrait que des enfants non agress�s appari�s en fonction de 1 �ge, du genre, de la race et du niveau socio-�conomique. Calam et ses coll�gues (1998) ont aussi compar� la pr�sence d'une vari�t� de probl�mes d'adaptation chez leurs jeunes AS, � diff�rentes p�riodes de temps, subs�quentes � l'agression sexuelle. Sur une p�riode de deux ans, le plus grand changement observ� se situait au niveau du manque d'interaction du jeune avec ses pairs. Mannarino et ses coll�gues (1989, 1991) ont aussi compar� 94 filles AS de 6 � 12 ans, � deux autres groupes. Un de ces groupes �tait constitu� d'enfants r�f�r�s � une clinique psychiatrique tandis que le groupe t�moin regroupait des enfants de la communaut�. Selon l'�valuation des m�res (CBCL), les enfants AS et ceux qui ont �t� r�f�r�s en psychiatrie �taient jug�s moins comp�tents sur le plan social que les enfants du groupe t�moin. Cependant, contrairement � Calam et ses coll�gues (1989), Mannarino et al. (1991) n'ont pas observ� de d�t�rioration des habilet�s sociales un an apr�s, les m�res ayant jug� que seulement les enfants r�f�r�s � une clinique psychiatrique demeuraient moins aptes sur le plan social. Ces r�sultats sugg�rent qu'un lien existe entre l'agression sexuelle et les difficult�s sur le plan social. � long terme, certains enfants semblent s'am�liorer alors que d'autres ont tendance � s'isoler davantage. Les implications de ces r�sultats sont nombreuses. Le manque d'habilet�s sociales de l'enfant pourrait, par exemple, faire en sorte qu'il soit appr�ci� moins facilement par ses pairs � l'�cole. Son sentiment d'appartenance �tant ainsi brim�, il pourrait aussi percevoir l'�cole comme �tant un milieu d'int�gration et de socialisation avcrsif (Romans, Martin, Andersen, O'Shea & Mullen, 1995). Par contre, certains auteurs attribuent aussi un r�le curatif aux relations saines que l'enfant d�veloppe � l'�cole, ces relations pouvant �tre en mesure de compenser pour un environnement familial peu r�confortant (Romans et al.). Selon Romans et ses coll�gues, une intervention cibl�e pour les enfants AS qui ont des difficult�s scolaires pourrait donc viser � am�liorer les habilet�s sociales, permettant ainsi � l'enfant d'appr�cier l'�cole et de d�velopper un r�seau de soutien social compensatoire positif.
Discussion
L'ensemble des �tudes r�vis�es sugg�rent que les enfants AS semblent plus � risques d'�prouver des probl�mes d'adaptation en milieu scolaire que les enfants non agress�s. Cependant, les r�sultats sont parfois contradictoires et les �tudes empreintes de lacunes m�thodologiques. En fait, rappelons que les r�sultats recens�s d�coulent d'�tudes qui ne visaient pas sp�cifiquement � �valuer l'adaptation scolaire. En effet, dans la plupart des cas, ce domaine de comp�tence a �t� consid�r� parmi d'autres variables afin d'�lucider les diff�rents types de probl�mes �prouv�s suite � l'agression sexuelle. Les limites m�thodologiques observ�es m�ritent toutefois d'�tre relev�es afin d'orienter les recherches futures.
Caract�ristiques des �tudes qui ont obtenu une �valuation � l'aide de t�moignages (22 �tudes)
La majorit� des �tudes recens�es (21/29), c'est-�-dire 72 %, ont �valu� l'adaptation scolaire des enfants � partir de rapports et de t�moignages des m�res, des enfants eux-m�mes et de divers intervenants (professionnels de la sant�, enseignants, rapports des agences de protection de l'enfance). Une des limites de ces �ludes est l'absence d'�valuation objective permettant de mesurer la d�t�rioration du rendement scolaire des enfants AS, plut�t que d'estimer leur performance � partir de l'opinion de diff�rents r�pondants. Pour 33 % des �tudes de cette cat�gorie, les chercheurs ont explor� les probl�mes scolaires sans sp�cifier de quels types de probl�mes il s'agissait, le domaine scolaire n'�tant pas le sujet principal de ces �tudes (Calam et al., 1998; Elwell � Ephross, 1987; Frazier & Cohen, 1992; Friedrich & Luecke, 1988; Johnston, 1979; Mannarino et al., 1989, 1991). Bien que la majorit� (14/21) des �tudes r�v�lent que les enfants AS �prouvent des difficult�s sur le plan scolaire, ces r�sultats ne nous permettent pas d'avancer qu'ils en �prouvent plus que des enfants non-agress�s, puisque le tiers d'entre elles ne comportaient pas de groupe t�moin. Si on consid�re les �tudes qui ont fait usage d'un groupe t�moin, seulement la moiti� d'entre elles indiquent que les enfants AS �prouvent plus de probl�mes scolaires. Par ailleurs, il importe de consid�rer qu'il est difficile de constituer des groupes �quivalents et comparables sur le plan socio-�conomique et familial � un groupe d'enfants AS. Par contre, pr�s de la moiti� de ces �tudes ont obtenu un indice de d�t�rioration de la performance ou encore ont �valu� la performance sur deux temps de mesure. Parmi ces �tudes, 62 % d�montrent une d�t�rioration ou un maintien des probl�mes scolaires � travers le temps.
Caract�ristiques des �tudes qui ont obtenu une �valuation objective de performance (huit �tudes)
Les huit autres �tudes consid�r�es dans le cadre de cette recension ont aussi �valu�, en plus des probl�mes scolaires des enfants, les habilet�s cognitives et les comp�tences acad�miques � l'aide de mesures standardis�es (Eckenrode et al., 1993; Einbender & Friedrich, 1989; Friedrich & Luecke, 1988; Gomes-Schwartz et al., 1985; Kinard, 2001; Ligezinska et al, 1996; Rust & Troupe, 1991; Trickett et al., 1994). L'usage de plusieurs mesures d'�valuation permet de juger plus objectivement de l'ampleur des cons�quences de l'agression sexuelle sur l'adaptation des jeunes en milieu scolaire. La pr�sence syst�matique d'un groupe t�moin caract�rise �galement ces �tudes. Les r�sultats de sept de ces huit �tudes sont d'ailleurs significatifs et concordants. Les donn�es sugg�rent que les enfants AS pr�sentent des scores de comp�tence moins �lev�s que ceux des groupes t�moins. Par contre, seulement deux de ces huit �tudes ont obtenu un indice de d�t�rioration du rendement, permettant ainsi de supposer un lien plus direct avec l'agression.
Caract�ristiques de l'ensemble des �tudes recens�es (30 �tudes)
D'autres particularit�s m�thodologiques caract�risent aussi l'ensemble des recherches r�vis�es. Les �tudes diff�rent notamment au niveau du moment et des mesures d'investigation. Certaines ont obtenu les bulletins scolaires de l'ann�e pr�c�dant la p�riode d'agression sexuelle (Gomes-Schwartz et al., 1985; Ligezinska et al., 1996; Paradise et al., 1994), la majorit� ont interrog� les enseignants et les m�res des enfants sur la p�riode postd�voilement, d'autres (48 %) ont tent� de d�terminer s'il y a eu d�t�rioration de la performance depuis l'agression (Caffaro-Rouget et al., 1989; Calam et al., 1998; Conte & Schuerman, 1987; Eckenrode et al., 1993; Elwell & Ephross, 1987; Himelin, 1995; Mannarino et al., 1989; Mannarino et al., 1991; Rimsza et al, 1988; Rust & Troupe, 1991; Tong et al., 1987) et seulement quatre �tudes ont effectu� une relance afin d'�valuer le niveau d'adaptation � plus long terme (Calam et al.; Conte & Schuerman; Gray et al., 1999; Mannarino et al., 1989). Il importe de consid�rer que l'agression sexuelle peut avoir dur� des mois, voire m�me des ann�es, avant le d�voilement et que les chercheurs sont parfois peu sp�cifiques sur la p�riode refl�t�e par leurs r�sultats. Ce constat constitue une limite importante puisqu'il devient difficile d'associer les probl�mes scolaires � l'agression, sans savoir � quand remonte l'apparition de ces probl�mes. Dans un autre ordre d'id�e, seulement 25 % des �tudes ont eu recours aux enseignants des enfants afin d'�valuer la performance et le comportement � l'�cole. La repr�sentativit� des participants est �galement limit�e pour les �tudes qui ont fait usage d'�chantillons de moins de 30 enfants (Elwell & Ephross; Johnston, 1979; Nugent et al., 1998; Reyome, 1993; Rust & Troupe; White et al., 1988) ou qui les ont recrut�s au sein d'un groupe b�n�ficiant d'une intervention clinique (Einbender & Friedrich, 1989; Johnston; Rimsza et al.). De plus, les notions d'�ge et de niveau de d�veloppement sont rarement consid�r�es pour former les groupes cliniques. En effet, environ 34 % des �tudes regroupent des enfants d'�ge pr�scolaire et scolaire et des adolescents dans un m�me �chantillon (Caffaro-Rouget et al.; Calam et al.; Eckenrode et al.; Gomes-Schwartz et al.; Rimsza et al.; Seng, 1989; Tong et al.; Wells et al., 1997), masquant ainsi l'existence de profils sp�cifiques.
Orientation des recherches futures
Cette analyse permet de constater que, m�me si la majorit� des �tudes r�v�lent que plusieurs enfants AS d�montrent des probl�mes d'adaptation en milieu scolaire, les recherches pr�sentent des probl�mes m�thodologiques qui limitent la port�e et l'interpr�tation des r�sultats. Ainsi, le lien entre l'agression sexuelle et les difficult�s d'adaptation scolaire reste hypoth�tique. En effet, il est difficile d'�valuer dans quelle mesure les probl�mes �taient pr�sents avant l'agression, d'estimer le moment de leur apparition ou encore d'identifier les facteurs de risque qui y ont contribu�. Plusieurs questions demeurent donc sans r�ponse en ce qui concerne l'adaptation scolaire des enfants AS.
L'agression sexuelle a-t-elle le m�me impact que l'abus physique et la n�gligence?
Jusqu'� ce jour, les chercheurs qui ont explor� l'impact d'une exp�rience traumatique sur l'adaptation scolaire oeuvrent surtout dans le domaine de l'abus physique et de la n�gligence (Glaser, 2000; Kerr, Black & Krishnakumar, 2000; Rowe & Eckenrode, 1999). Les processus qui expliquent la pr�sence de probl�mes scolaires chez les enfants AS pourraient toutefois �tre diff�rents de ceux propos�s pour les enfants qui sont victimes d'abus physique ou de n�gligence. Pour ces derniers, les probl�mes scolaires peuvent �tre attribu�s aux cons�quences physiques et psychologiques (blessures physiques graves, malnutrition, probl�mes d'adaptation g�n�ralis�s et peur apprise associ�e � la violence chronique) ou � l'environnement dans lequel on observe g�n�ralement ces formes d'abus (Hortori & Cruise, 2001). Compte tenu de l'aspect plus insidieux de l'agression sexuelle et du fait qu'elle peut se produire � l'ext�rieur du noyau familial, ces cons�quences ne sont pas n�cessairement pr�sentes chez tous les enfants AS. C'est pourquoi les processus qui expliquent la pr�sence de probl�mes scolaires chez ces enfants m�ritent d'�tre explor�s davantage tout en distinguant les abus intra et extra familiaux. Il semble �galement que l'ampleur des probl�mes scolaires v�cus diff�rencie les enfants AS de ceux qui sont victimes d'autres formes de violence. Comparativement aux enfants maltrait�s, cette recension indique que les jeunes AS ne sont pas particuli�rement � risque d'�tre plac�s dans une classe sp�cialis�e, de s'absenter de l'�cole ou d'�chouer une ann�e scolaire. Ils s'av�rent toutefois enclins � �prouver des difficult�s au niveau de la performance scolaire, des habilet�s sociales et du comportement en classe. Il est donc possible d'�mettre l'hypoth�se que relativement aux enfants qui sont victimes de violence physique ou de n�gligence, les enfants AS pourraient pr�senter des difficult�s scolaires moins tangibles � court terme ou plus int�rioris�es (isolement social, difficult�s cl� concentration, manque de motivation, d'int�r�t). Il serait donc pertinent d'identifier les facteurs personnels, familiaux et contextuels qui exacerbent ces difficult�s puisqu'elles peuvent avoir des retomb�es consid�rables � long terme.
Le rapport entre l'agression sexuelle et l'adaptation scolaire : vuln�rabilit� ou cons�quence?
Afin de clarifier si les enfants AS d�veloppent des probl�mes d'adaptation scolaire suite � l'agression sexuelle ou s'il s'agit d'une vuln�rabilit� li�e � des caract�ristiques personnelles (retards cognitifs) ou familiales (environnement non-favorable) d�j� existantes, les recherches futures pourraient accorder plus d'importance � la phase d'adaptation refl�t�e par leurs �valuations et � la notion de d�t�rioration du rendement scolaire. Les chercheurs ont notamment �valu� le rendement scolaire � diff�rentes p�riodes. La majorit� l'ont fait � une ou deux reprises apr�s le d�voilement et d'autres ont tent� de l'estimer avant le d�voilement, afin d'obtenir un indice de d�t�rioration. Il importe cependant de souligner qu'aucune recherche ne combine plus de deux p�riodes d'�valuation. �galement, aucune �tude prospective n'a �t� men�e, les d�fis m�thodologiques et d�ontologiques impliqu�s �tant particuli�rement importants. De fait, une estimation de l'adaptation de l'enfant avant et pendant l'agression ainsi qu'apr�s le d�voilement pourrait permettre d'�valuer quels facteurs propres � chacune de ces phases d'adaptation semblent contribuer le plus � l'apparition des probl�mes scolaires.
Quels sont les fadeurs qui influencent l'adaptation scolaire des enfants AS?
Les chercheurs ont fr�quemment soulign� le manque de cadres conceptuels et de mod�les th�oriques expliquant le lien entre l'agression sexuelle et les probl�mes d'adaptation (KendalI-Tackett et al., 1993; Saunders et al., 2003). En termes d'adaptation scolaire, diff�rents mod�les th�oriques et hypoth�ses offrent d�j� des pistes int�ressantes. Trickett et ses coll�gues (1994) ont notamment observ� que l'agression sexuelle affecte la performance scolaire des enfants par son influence sur leurs habilet�s cognitives et sur leur perception personnelle. Selon leurs r�sultats, l'agression sexuelle serait aussi li�e � vine symptomatologie de dissociation, de d�pression et d'agressivit� qui est, en retour, associ�e � un manque d'habilet�s sociales et � des probl�mes d'apprentissage. Tel que d�j� mentionn�, des chercheurs s'int�ressant � l'impact des �v�nements traumatiques �mettent aussi l'hypoth�se que l'anxi�t� chronique potentiellement li�e � une agression sexuelle ou physique pourrait affecter, par son impact sur le fonctionnement du syst�me nerveux autonome, le fonctionnement cognitif d'un enfant (Glaser, 2000; Koenen et al., 2001; Perry et al., 1995; Silva et al., 2000; Vasterling, Brailey, Constans & Sutker, 1998). L'enfant pourrait, par exemple, se trouver en �tat d'hyper-vigilance permanent et ainsi d�montrer des difficult�s d'apprentissage et de concentration. Friedrich (1990) propose un mod�le th�orique multidimensionnel. Entre autres, il sugg�re de consid�rer les caract�ristiques de l'enfant, le contexte dans lequel il �volue avant, pendant et apr�s le d�voilement ainsi que les actions entreprises par l'enfant et sa famille afin de comprendre son niveau d'adaptation. CoIe et Putman (1992) proposent que c'est au niveau du d�veloppement social que l'inceste pourrait avoir le plus de cons�quences. Ce mod�le alloue donc une grande importance � l'influence des premi�res relations interpersonnelles coercitives sur les sentiments d'int�grit� et d'estime personnelle de l'enfant. Pour leur part, Hecht et Hansen (2001) pr�sentent une r�vision des mod�les �tiologiques de la maltraitance en exposant les diff�rents contextes familiaux et sociaux susceptibles d'influencer l'adaptation d'un enfant. Ces mod�les apportent des �l�ments � consid�rer afin d'�lucider les processus d'adaptation scolaire des enfants AS. Erickson et ses coll�gues (1989) traitent de la complexit� de distinguer les effets d'une agression sexuelle � ceux du contexte familial et social dans lequel l'enfant �volue. L'agression pourrait, par exemple, se produire dans un contexte familial d�j� d�favorable, ne procurant pas � l'enfant les �l�ments essentiels pour fonctionner ad�quatement � l'�cole ou pour stimuler son apprentissage. Dans ce contexte, l'impact de l'agression sexuelle sur l'adaptation scolaire devient difficile � discerner. Bien que la majorit� des �tudes utilisent le niveau socio-�conomique comme indice de qualit� de l'environnement familial, les �tudes qui visent � �lucider le lien entre l'agression sexuelle et l'adaptation scolaire pourraient emprunter aux domaines plus vastes de la maltraitance et du d�veloppement et consid�rer des mesures plus sp�cifiques et reconnues comme ayant une influence sur l'adaptation scolaire. Par exemple, la qualit� et le niveau socio-�conomique du quartier d'appartenance, la structure familiale, le niveau d'�ducation des parents, l'acceptation des pairs, la participation � des activit�s socio-culturelles ou parascolaires pourraient �tre consid�r�s afin de distinguer l'influence de l'environnement familial et social (Eckenrode et al., 1993; Kiesner, Poulin & Nicotra, 2002; Kiriard, 2001; Larson & Verma, 1999; Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000). Il importe toutefois de prendre en compte que l'�tude de Reyome (1993) r�v�le que l'agression sexuelle constitue un �l�ment additionnel, qui s'ajoute au milieu familial d�favorable, influen�ant ainsi l'adaptation scolaire des jeunes.
Conclusion
Plusieurs enfants AS �prouvent des difficult�s d'adaptation en milieu scolaire. Les processus par lesquels ces probl�mes se d�veloppent ne sont pas clairement identifi�s. L'h�t�rog�n�it� des �tudes r�vis�es permet de constater que plusieurs explications sont possibles et qu'une multitude de facteurs contextuels, personnels et familiaux peuvent influencer l'adaptation scolaire des jeunes. Il a �t� question de retards cognitifs ou intellectuels qui pourraient �tre une pr�disposition � l'agression sexuelle ou en �tre une cons�quence. L'agression sexuelle pourrait aussi engendrer une symptomatologie vari�e susceptible d'expliquer les retards intellectuels ou cognitifs ainsi que les difficult�s en terme de rendement scolaire. Ce type d'agression pourrait �galement se produire dans un environnement familial probl�matique et non-favorable expliquant ainsi une partie des probl�mes �prouv�s par les enfants dans ce domaine. Nonobstant la conceptualisation �tiologique privil�gi�e, il est possible d'avancer que l'agression sexuelle risque du moins d'�branler ou de contribuer aux probl�mes d'adaptation scolaire et d'avoir des r�percussions importantes � long terme. Il faut donc intervenir rapidement face � cette probl�matique (Kinard, 2001; Nugent et al., 1998). Afin que l'intervention soit adapt�e aux besoins de cette client�le, il importe de poursuivre la recherche dans le domaine et de mener des �tudes mieux contr�l�es. Pour ce faire, il semble pertinent d'�valuer l'adaptation et le rendement de l'enfant � l'aide d'�valuations objectives, de questionner ses proches de fa�on plus sp�cifique, d'avoir recours aux enseignants et de faire une relance. L'�valuation de mod�les th�oriques pourrait aussi permettre d'identifier les correlate qui facilitent une meilleure adaptation, ainsi que ceux qui exacerbent les probl�mes d'adaptation scolaire. L'identification de ces facteurs permettra ainsi de distinguer quels probl�mes il faut privil�gier pour chacun des profils d'adaptation identifi�s et ainsi assurer des conditions facilitant l'adaptation des enfants qui ont d�voil� une agression sexuelle. Les �tudes futures, esp�rons le, contribueront � atteindre cet objectif.
Abstract
The purpose of this literature review was to identify the gaps in the current knowledge concerning the school adaptation of sexually abused (SA) children. Since 1979, a total of 31 studies which evaluated at least one aspect of children's adaptation in the school context were identified. Only 10 studies were purposely conducted to assess how SA children function in educational settings. Although results are inconsistent, studies suggest that between 10 % and 58 % of these children show adjustment difficulties at school. Such problems may be expressed by poor school performance, poor academic achievement scores, conduct problems, lack of social skills, poor cognitive abilities, absenteeism, special class placement or grade repetition. Considering the diversity of the studies included in this review, results are categorized by outcome variables. For each variable examined, findings are often contradictory. The theoretical and methodological limitations of these studies are discussed in order to propose recommendations for future studies.
[Reference]
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[Author Affiliation]
ISABELLE V. DAIGNAULT
Universit� du Qu�bec � Montr�al
MARTINE H�BERT
Universit� du Qu�bec � Montr�al
[Author Affiliation]
Le premier auteur de cet article a b�n�fici� d'une bourse du Centre de recherche sur les probl�mes de couples et les agressions sexuelles (CRIPCAS) ainsi que du Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire m�re-enfant de l'H�pital Sainte-Justine lors de la r�daction de ce manuscrit. Nous tenons � remercier les �valuateurs anonymes qui ont comment� la premi�re version de ce manuscrit.
Adresser toute correspondance � Isabelle V. Daignault, D�partement de sexologie (WR : 250), Universit� du Qu�bec � Montr�al, case postale 8888, succursale CentreVille, Montr�al (Qu�bec) Canada H3C 3P8 (Courriel : izzy.d@sympatico.ca).
